Nervous system Flashcards

To have a grasp of this vitla subject

1
Q

Name the 2 principle types of cell which form the nerve tissue of the nervous system

A

Neurons (responsible for active transmission of messages Glial Cells ( responsible for support, packing and insulation)

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts that the nerve cell consists of?

A

Cell body, Nerve fibre, nerve ending

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3
Q

what is the structural difference between white matter and grey matter

A

white matter is nerve fibres covered in myelin sheath. grey is aggregation of cell bodies.

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4
Q

where is the grey matter primarily located in the a) brain b) spinal cord

A

a) outer surface or cortex. b) centrally

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5
Q

Name the 3 fascial sheaths of a nerve, outermost first

A
  1. Epinenurium, 2. perineurium 3. endoneurium
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6
Q

Name the 2 parts that makes up the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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7
Q

Name 2 parts of PNS

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves.

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8
Q

Name the 2 physiological parts of the NS. What are the difference

A
  1. Somatic nervous system SNS , this is voluntary under conscious control 2. Autonomic NS- ANS this is involuntary generally not under conscious control.
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9
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS and a brief explanation of each one

A
  1. Sympathetic division- ‘fight, flight and fright’ concerned with responses to external environment and activationg the body for external emergencies. 2. Parasympathetic division- vegetative functions ie building up resourses, digestion, immune system…..
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10
Q

in the SNS what do motor neurones do?

A

stimulate skeletal muscle

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11
Q

In the SNS what do sensory nerves do?

A

from periphery to CNS pain, temp, proprioception, vision etc these are perceived consciously

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12
Q

why is the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column?

A

because the spinal cord grows more slowly than the vertebral column

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13
Q

where does the pia mater terminate in the vertebral column?

A

L2 in adults. L4 in newborn baby

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14
Q

At which vertebral level does the dura and arachnoid mater continue to?

A

S2

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15
Q

What is a cisternae?

A

these are areas of accumulation of CSF within the subarachnoid space.

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16
Q

where in the spine does the 1. cauda equina start and finish 2. Filum terminale

A

1.L2 to S2 2. S2 to the cx 1

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17
Q

What function are these area of the brian associated with. a) Frontal lobes b) Parietal lobes c) Temporal lobes d) occipital lobes

A

a) motor activity and personality b) sensory information c) hearing and speech d) vision.

18
Q

what are the 3 sections of the brain stem called?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

19
Q

during expansion phase of csm what happens to the spinal cord?

A

superiorly

20
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves

A

I olfactory, II Optic, III Oculo-motor, IV Trochlear, V Trigeminal, VI Abducent, , VII Facial, VIII Vestibulo-cochlear, IX Glosso-pharangeal, X Vagus, XI Spinal Accessory, XII Hypoglossal.

21
Q

how many cervical nerves are there?

A

8

22
Q

which nerve eminates inbetween C7 and T1?

A

C8

23
Q

Name the nerve root origins of the following spinal nerve plexi. a) Cervical plexus, b) Brachial plexus, c) Lumbar plexus d) Sacral Plexus e) Prudendal plexus

A

a) C1-C4 b) C5-T1 c) L1-L4 d) L4- S4 e) S2-S4

24
Q

What nerve suppies the respiratory diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve C345

25
Q

Name the 5 major nerves from the brachial plexus and relevant nerves

A
  1. Axillary C56 2. Musculo-cutaneous C567 3. Ulnar C78, T1 4th and 5th digits. 4. Median C678, T1 digits 123 and medial side of 4. 5. Radial C5678, T1
26
Q

Name the 3 major nerves from teh Lumbo- Sacral Plexus

A
  1. Femoral L234 2. Obturator L1234 3. Siatic L45, S123
27
Q

what regulates the ANS?

A

The hypothalamus

28
Q

What is the principle neurotrasmitter is secreted by a) Parsympathetic and b) Sympathetic NS

A

a) Acetyl choline b) Noradrenaline

29
Q

Which Cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic NS

A

III, VII, IX and X

30
Q

are sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve fibres more widespread?

A

Sympathetic

31
Q

What is the main difference between the autonomic and somatic pathways?

A

Autonomic motor pathway is a 2 neuron pathway and somatic is a one neuron pathway.

32
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

A Ganglion is like a junction box where neurones meet and transmit messages to each other.

33
Q

Name the 3 different types of ganglia and if they contain sympathetic or parasympathetic synapses.

A

!. Paravertebral- Sym

  1. Collateral Sym
  2. Terminal- para
34
Q

Where are the paravertebral ganglia situated?

A

It is a chain on each side of the spine located on the anterior surface of the TP of the vertebrae

35
Q

Where do the Parasympathetic nerve fibres emerge from?

A

Cranium or sacrum.

36
Q

Where does the Vagus nerve go to?

A

wanders from its origin in the cranium to heart, lungs, stomach , spleen, pancreas, small intestine , half of hte large intestine, liver and kidneys.

37
Q

Where do Sympathetic nerve fibres emerge from?

A

T1 ti L2

38
Q

where is the ganglion impar?

A

at the coccyx

39
Q

where are collateral Ganglia located

A

surface of major blood vessels

40
Q

Name the vertebral sympathetic levels for 1. head 2. thoracic viscera 3. Upper abdo viscera 4. Pelvic and lower abdominal viscera

A
  1. T1-2 2. T2-6 3. T6-9. 4. T10-L2