Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system.

A
  • Mainly controls voluntary movement
  • Specifically refers to spinal nerves which control skeletal muscles
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2
Q

What do visceral sensory neurones monitor?

A

Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch in the
visceral organs

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3
Q

State the function of visceral sensory fibres?

A

Conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex
sensations) from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the
central nervous system

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4
Q

Describe the visceral reflex.

A
  • It is the reflex arc of the autonomic nervous system which produces a glandular or non-skeletal muscular
    response in internal organs like the heart, blood vessels, organs in the gastrointestinal tract
  • Many are spinal reflexes such as defecation and micturition reflexes
  • Some only involve peripheral neurones: spinal cord not involved
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5
Q

Describe the functions of the autonomic nervous system.

A
  • Maintains internal environment
  • Mostly involuntary
  • Controls visceral functions
  • circulation
  • digestion
  • excretion
  • Modulates endocrine function
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6
Q

What do ANS nerves control?

A

Mainly smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretory glands.

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7
Q

What are the smooth muscles?

A
  • Bronchioles
  • iris
  • Digestive system
  • Bladder
  • Vascular system
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8
Q

What are the secretory glands?

A
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Pancreatic islets
  • Salivary glands
  • Sweat
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9
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Control heart rate
  • Control contractile force
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10
Q

What is the ANS divided into?

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
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11
Q

Describe the sympathetic division.

A
  • ‘Fight or flight’
  • Short term survival
  • Generally increases energy availability/
    capacity and usage
    – Increase heart rate
    – Increase lung capacity
    – Increase blood flow to muscles
    – Increase blood glucose
  • GI tract relaxation
  • Increase adrenaline secretion from adrenal medulla
  • Vasoconstriction in skin
  • Pupil dilation
  • Bronchiolar dilation
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12
Q

Describe the parasympathetic division.

A
  • ‘Rest and digest’
  • Long term survival
  • Generally reduces energy availability/ capacity and usage
    – Decrease heart rate
    – Decrease lung capacity
    – Increase blood flow to digestive system
    – Increase fat/glycogen stores
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13
Q

What are the differences between the parasympathetic division and sympathetic.

A
  • Where nerves originate
    (leave CNS)
  • Differences in
    neurotransmitters and
    receptor subtypes
  • Where the ganglia (cell
    bodies) are, ie where 2
    neurons synapse
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14
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

On top of kidneys

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15
Q

Describe the role of the adrenal medulla.

A
  • A major organ of the sympathetic nervous system
  • Can cause body-wide release of epinephrine/adrenaline
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16
Q

State the physical changes to the body as a result of the parasympathetic system.

A
  • constriction of pupil
  • bronchiolar constriction
  • increased GI motility + secretion
  • inhibitory effects on heart
17
Q

What are the two acetylcholine receptors?

A
  • Nicotinic
  • Muscarinic
18
Q

Which receptors mediate the actions of acetylcholine in the ANS?

A
  • Nicotinic receptor
  • M1 muscarinic couples to Gq
  • M2 muscarinic couples to Gi
  • M3 muscarinic coupled to Gq
19
Q

Describe nicotinic receptor.

A
  • Ligand-gated ion channel
  • Rapid, short-lived postsynaptic response
  • Main receptor on postganglionic ANS neurons
20
Q

Describe M1 muscarinic coupled to Gq.

A
  • Expressed by smooth muscles and glands of the gut
  • Smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion
21
Q

Describe M2 muscarinic coupled to Gi

A
  • Expressed by cardiac muscle of cardiovascular system
  • Reduction in heart rate Ach release inhibition
22
Q

Describe M3 muscarinic coupled to Gq

A
  • Expressed by smooth muscle and glands of many parasympathetic targets
  • Smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion
23
Q

Describe adrenoreceptors.

A
  • G-protein coupled (metabotropic)
  • 2 types: alpha (α) and beta (β)
  • Respond to adrenaline, nor-
    adenaline
  • Adrenaline: Diverse actions
    depending on target
  • Depending on the downstream
    molecules that they activate
24
Q

What are the five main adrenergic receptor types?

A
  • alpha 1 coupled to Gq
  • alpha 2 coupled to Gi
  • Beta1 1 coupled to Gs
  • beta 2 coupled to Gs
  • beta 3 coupled to Gs
25
Describe alpha 1
- activation of phospholipase C - Contraction of smooth muscles in blood vessels
26
Describe alpha 2
Inhibits adenylate cyclase - reduces cAMP NE release inhibition
27
Describe beta 1
Actiavtes adenylate cyclase - increases cAMP - Increases heart rate and contraction strength - Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue
28
Describe beta 2
Activates adenylate cyclase - increases cAMP - Relaxation of smooth muscles gut, uterus and bronchi - Increased glycogen breakdown in liver
29
Describe beta 3
Activates adenylate cyclase - increases cAMP - Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue
30
Compare sympathetic to parasympathetic.
Sympathetic used acetylcholine and norepinephrine whereas parasympathetic uses acetylcholine
31
Describe the autonomic nervous system
Carries out involuntary actions: – Vasodilation, bronchodilation, sweating, digestion – Neurotransmission is via autonomic ganglia – Transmitter at ganglia is acetylcholine