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pharmacology > Haematopoietic system (blood) > Flashcards

Haematopoietic system (blood) Flashcards

1
Q

State the blood functions.

A
  • Transports various substances
  • Helps regulate several processes
  • Affords protection against diseases
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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid in which peripheral blood cells are suspended.

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3
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A
  • 92% of water
  • 7% plasma proteins (including clotting factors)
    Remaining 1%:
  • Electrolytes (Na+ and Cl)
  • Hormones
  • Organic nutrients
  • Metabolic waste (carbon dioxide and urea)
  • Gases (CO2 and O2)
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3
Q

State the blood elements.

A

Erythroytes (red blood cells or RBC)
Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBC)
Platelets

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4
Q

Define hematocrit.

A

Ratio of red blood cells to plasma, expressed as a percentage

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5
Q

State the white blood cells in blood.

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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6
Q

Describe the structure of ethryocytes (mature red blood cells).

A
  • Biconcave discs
  • Lack a nucleus and other organelles
  • Consist of plasma membrane, cytosol and haemoglobin
  • The cytosol of RBCs contains haemoglobin
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7
Q

What is the function of the ethryocytes?

A

Transport respiratory gases - oxygen and CO2 (haemoglobin)

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8
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin.

A
  • Composed of four protein globin chains; each centred around a heme group
  • In most adult haemoglobin there are two alpha chains and two beta chains
  • Each heme group consists of a porphyrin ring with an iron atom in the centre
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9
Q

Describe the changes in erythrocytes when placed in a hypertonic medium.

A
  • They shrink but the rigid cytoskeleton remains intact creating a spiky surface
  • These cells are said to be crenated
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10
Q

Describe the changes in erythrocytes places in a hypotonic medium.

A
  • They swell and lose their biconcave disk shape
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11
Q

What can abnormal haemoglobin in sickle cell disease cause?

A

RBCs to change shape

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12
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A
  • Less mature erythrocytes
  • RBCs released from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation
  • Contain residual ribonucleoprotein particles which impart a bluish hue to the cell
  • The increased amount of RNA gives the RBS more of a red-blue colour
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13
Q

Which white blood cells contain bacteria-combating granules?

A

Granulocyte - neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil

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14
Q

Which white blood cells contain no granules?

A

Agranulocyte - lymphocyte and monocyte

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15
Q

State the function of neutrophils.

A
  • The first line of defence against microorganisms, especially bacteria
  • They are active phagocytes
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16
Q

Describe the structure of eosinophils.

A
  • Contain bilobed nucleus
  • Cytoplasm has specific granules that contain a dense filamentous core of major basic protein (MBP)
  • The matrix of the granules contains lysosomal enzymes
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17
Q

What is the function of major basic protein?

A
  • Kill parasitic worms
  • They can phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes and inactivate leukotriens
18
Q

Describe the structure of basophils.

A
  • Has a nucleus; difficult to see because of the large, dark-staining specific granules
  • Granules contain high conc. of heparin, histamine, leukotriene, serotonin, chemotactic factor
19
Q

Describe the function of basophils.

A
  • Mediate the hypersensitivity reaction (bing IgE antibody)
20
Q

Describe the structure of monocytes.

A
  • Large nucleus - ovoid, kidney shaped
  • The cytoplasm is pale and may contain fine granules, free ribosomes
21
Q

How long do monocytes spend in blood?

A
  • About a week and then migrate into tissue where they become macrophages
22
Q

Describe the function of monocytes.

A
  • Ingest and remove tissue debris and infectious agents
23
Q

Describe the structure of lymphocytes.

A
  • Contain a single, deeply stained spherical nucleus that is surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm
  • The cytoplasm may contain few granules
24
Q

State the different lymphocytes.

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • Neutral Killer cells (NK)
25
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies

26
Q

Why are monocytes and lymphocytes referred to as mononuclear white blood cells?

A
  • Because their nuclei are not segmented
  • They do not contain prominent granules in their cytoplasm
27
Q

Describe the structure of platelets.

A
  • Non-nucleated flat, biconvex round or avoid disk
  • Derived from bone marrow megakaryocytic
28
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A
  • Involved in homeostasis (stop bleeding) - promote the coagulation cascade to form a blood clot
29
Q

What is thrombopoietin?

A

A deficiency of platelets - may result in bruising and bleeding

30
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A
  • Giant cells with multiple copies of DNA in the nucleus
  • The edges of the megakaryocyte break off to form cell fragments called platelets
31
Q

Describe the difference between inactive and activated platelets.

A
  • Inactive are small disk-like cell fragments
  • Activated develop a spiky outer surface and adhere to each other
32
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

A soft tissue that fills the hollow centre of bones
- it is connective tissue which specialises in production of all formed elements of blood
- It is the most rapidly replicating tissue in the body

33
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A
  • The different blood cells have finite and brief life spans and must be renewed to maintain appropriate circulating levels
34
Q

What is the function of hematopoietic tissue

A
  • Tissue which actively or potentially produce blood cells
35
Q

What are myeloid tissues?

A
  • blood forming tissue identified as ‘red marrow’ of bones
36
Q

What are lymphoid tissues?

A
  • Are elements of the larger lymphatic system; some lymphocytes arise from proliferation within lymphoid tissues.
37
Q

State the stages of blood clot formation.

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Temporary clot
  3. Coagulation
38
Q

State the red blood cell surface molecule and plasma antibody for Type A blood type.

A
  • A only
  • B only
39
Q

State the red blood cell surface molecule and plasma antibody for Type B blood type.

A
  • B only
  • A only
40
Q

State the red blood cell surface molecule and plasma antibody for Type AB blood type.

A
  • A and B
  • Neither
41
Q

State the red blood cell surface molecule and plasma antibody for Type O blood type.

A
  • Neither
  • Both
42
Q

Describe the function of platelets when there is damage.

A
  • Will not adhere to collagen
  • Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets
  • Release of platelet factors
  • Factors attract more platelets
  • Platelets aggregate into platelet plug

pharmacology (40 decks)

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