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pharmacology > Basic Eukaryotic Cell Biology > Flashcards

Basic Eukaryotic Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Why are cells small?

A
  • Need a large surface area to exchange materials, live, respire and survive
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2
Q

Describe the role of the cytoplasm?

A

It’s the site for nutrient and waste exchange

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3
Q

Describe the surface area to volume ratio as cells increase in size

A

The bigger the cell/organism the smaller the SA:V ratio

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4
Q

Describe how cells can increase SA:V ratio?

A

Cells specialised in absorption have membrane modifications e.g. microvilli

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5
Q

What two taxonomic domains are prokaryotic cells placed in?

A

Bacteria
Archaea

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6
Q

Compare prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
  • Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
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7
Q

Describe the cell envelope of bacterial cell.

A
  • Plasma membrane - lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral protein
  • Form internal pouches (mesosomes)
  • Cell wall - maintains the shape of the cell and is strengthened by peptidoglycan
  • Glycocalyx - layer of polysaccharides on the outside of the cell wall.
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8
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.

A
  • Semifluid solution
  • Bounded by plasma membrane
    – Nucleoid contains the single, circular DNA molecule.
    – Plasmids small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA
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9
Q

Describe the appendages of bacterial cells.

A
  • Flagella provides motility
  • Fimbriae - small, bristle-like fibres that sprout from the cell surface
  • Sex pili - rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to cell
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10
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

– Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
– Specialised organelles
– Plasma membrane
– Much larger than prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

What is the hypothesised origin of eurkayoic cells?

A
  1. Cell gains a nucleus by the plasma membrane invaginating and surrounding the DNA with a double membrane
  2. Cell gains an endomembrane system by proliferation of membrane
  3. Cell gains mitochondria
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12
Q

State the role of the rough ER.

A
  • Modifies proteins
  • Intracellular transport
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13
Q

State the role of smooth ER.

A
  • No ribosomes
  • Makes lipids
  • Intracellular synthesis pathways
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14
Q

State the role of ribosomes.

A

Translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain.

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15
Q

State the role of lysosomes.

A
  • Intracellular digestion
  • Releases nutrients
  • Breakdown of waste
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16
Q

State the role of the nucleus.

A
  • Contains most of the cell’s genetic material
17
Q

State the role of the Golgi.

A
  • Receives and modifies
  • Directs new materials
18
Q

Summarise the endomembrane system

A
  1. Proteins produced in rough ER and lipids from smooth ER carried in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus
  2. Golgi apparatus modifies and packages them into vesicles - go to cell destinations
  3. Secretory vesicles carry products to membrane - exocytosis produces secretions
  4. Lysosomes fuse with incoming vesicles and digest macromolecules
19
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A
  • Similar to lysosomes
  • Membrane-bounded vesicles
  • Enclose enzymes
  • Enzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in cytoplasm (instead of ER)
20
Q

State the role of peroxisomes.

A
  • Active in lipid metabolism
  • Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide
  • Toxic
  • Broken down to water & oxygen by catalase
21
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • Contain ribosomes and their own DNA
  • Surrounded by a double membrane
  • Inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted (folds) to form cristae.
  • Matrix – Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymes
22
Q

State the role of mitochondria.

A
  • Break down carbohydrates
  • Involved in cellular respiration
  • Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell
  • Contains mitochondrial (maternal) DNA
23
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Maintain cell shape
  • Assists in movement of cell and organelles
  • Assemble and disassemble as needed
24
Q

State the role of actin filaments

A
  • Extremely thin which maintain cell shape.
  • Intracellular traffic control and movement
  • Cytoplasmic streaming
  • Important component in muscle contraction
25
Q

State the role of intermediate filaments.

A
  • Between actin filaments and microtubules
  • Rope-like assembly of fibrous polypeptides
  • Vary in nature from tissue to tissue and time to time
  • Support nuclear envelope
  • Cell to cell junctions e.g. those holding skin cells tightly together
26
Q

State the role of microtubules.

A
  • Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins called a and b tubulin
  • Form centromeres and centrioles
  • Interact with proteins kinesin and dynein to cause movement of organelles.

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