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pharmacology > Biochemistry - carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biochemistry - carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

State the gastrointestinal conditions.

A
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhoea
  • IBS
  • Stomach ulcer
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1
Q

What are the common signs of IBS?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhoea
  • Gas
  • Bloating
  • Fatigue
  • Mucus in stools
  • Trouble sleeping
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2
Q

What are the triggers for IBS?

A
  • Food
  • Alcohol
  • Processed snacks
  • Stress, anxiety
  • Antibiotics
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3
Q

How do food that cause discomfort act in different ways? (IBS)

A
  1. Irritants to the bowel
  2. Being degraded/fermented into products which generate gases such as carbon dioxide
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4
Q

What are FODMAP foods?

A

Foods that contain high levels of sugars
- these are liable for fermentation in the lower GI tract

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5
Q

Which sugar undergoes fermentation?

A
  • Glucose
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6
Q

What is meant by fermentation?

A
  • The conversion of sugar (glucose) to various products (alcohol) - wine
  • Produced by yeast or bacteria
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7
Q

Describe the structure of glucose.

A
  • Six carbons
  • Poly-alcohol
  • Carbonyl (in this case and Aldehyde) group
  • Carbonyl groups are very reactive
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8
Q

Why does the straight chain (Fischer) contain more energy than cyclic?

A

Because a aldehyde group has more potential /chemical energy.

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9
Q

What is the importance of the cyclic structure of glucose?

A
  • They are less reactive which allows them to be stored in the leaf or mammalian cell
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10
Q

Which bond binds two sugars?

A

O-glycosidic bond

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11
Q

State the three disaccharides.

A

Lactose: galactose and glucose
Maltose: two unites of glucose
Sucrose: glucose and fructose

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12
Q

What are polysaccharides and provide examples?

A
  • When several saccharides are joined together
  • The three most abundant polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose
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13
Q

Describe the structure of starch.

A
  • Starch is formed from poly-glucose, and exists
    as two polymers, amylose and amylopectin
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14
Q

State the clinical and pharmaceutical use of starch.

A

As an excipient - a disintegrating agent in tablets

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15
Q

State the use of starch as a binder in tablet formulations.

A
  • Helps hold the active ingredients together, providing cohesion and forming a solid tablet
16
Q

State the use of starch as a disintegrant in tablets.

A
  • Helps tablets break down rapidly into smaller particles when in contact with moisture, facilitating the release of the active ingredients for absorption.
17
Q

State the use of filler/diluent in the preparation of tablets.

A
  • Provides bulk to the formulation and ensures that correct dosage of the active ingredient is achieved.
18
Q

Describe the function of glycogen.

A
  • Serves as a form of energy storage in animals
  • Stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle
19
Q

Describe the function of cellulose.

A
  • Is the main substance in the wall of plant cells
  • Helps plants to remain stiff and upright
  • Humans cannot digest cellulose, but it is
    important in the diet as fibres
20
Q

State FODMAP issues with IBS

A

➢Only Mono-saccharides and Di-
Saccharides are fermentable
➢Starch needs to be broken down into its
smaller units
➢The gastrointestinal bacteria can ferment
these sugars
➢Resulting in large volumes of BOWEL
gases and with it bloating and discomfort

21
Q

Describe fructose fermentation and how it contributes to IBS.

A
  • Mannitol has a high osmotic value
  • It attracts Gastro fluids towards its chemical structure
  • This will create diarrhoea and loose stools
22
Q

Describe the osmotic effect of mannitol.

A

Hydrogen bonds:
* Interaction forms between molecules
➢ Forms between [Oδ-] in mannitol and
[Hδ+] in water molecule
➢ Hydrogen bonds are 1/10 weaker
than covalent bonds but it improves
the solubility of the molecule in water

23
Q

State other physiological values of carbohydrates.

A
  • Monosaccharides are used in the metabolism of drugs
  • In order that drugs be excreted via the kidney, they have to be water soluble
24
Q

What is conjugation and where does it take place?

A
  • Drugs in the body can be made more water soluble by having sugar molecule
    attached to them
  • Takes part in the liver - liver cells- endoplasmic reticulum/enzmes
  • Enzymes involved
25
Q

What is the main sugar used in the conjugation of drugs in the human body?

A
  • An oxidation product of glucose called glucuronic acid
  • Glucuronic acid increases the number of OH groups and consequently the hydrogen bonding and water solubility
26
Q

What is the function on morphine glucoronidation?

A
  • Increases the number of OH groups/hydrogen bonding
  • More water soluble
  • Can be eliminated by the kidney

pharmacology (40 decks)

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