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pharmacology > Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the nervous system.

A
  • The body’s command centre
  • Electrical and chemical communication occurs throughout the body
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2
Q

State the two main parts of the nervous system.

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
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3
Q

What is involved in the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal chord

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4
Q

What is involved in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Afferent Nerves: sensory neurons - messages from periphery to spinal chord

Efferent Nerves: Motor neurons - messages from spinal chord to muscle/glands

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5
Q

State the divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

CNS - Sensory division (afferent) and motor division (efferent)
Motor division - Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System - sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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6
Q

What are the building blocks of the nervous system?

A
  • Neuron
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS)/Schwann cells (PNS)
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
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7
Q

Describe neurons.

A

Electrically excitable cell that receives, processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

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8
Q

Describe oligodendrocytes (CNS)/Schwann cells (PNS)

A
  • Produce myelin
  • Facilitate transmission
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9
Q

Describe astrocytes

A
  • Enables homeostasis
  • Physical barrier/connector
  • Reputake of neurotransmitters
  • Support neurons
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10
Q

Describe microglia

A
  • Immune cells of the brain
  • Phagocytose dead cells and debris
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10
Q

Describe the structure of neurons.

A
  1. Cell body (soma): control centre
  2. Dendrite: short, branched extension of a nerve cell where impulses received from other cells at the synapses and transmitted to the cell body
  3. Axons: originate at axonal hillock and allows material to be transported from cell body to axon terminal
  4. Synapse: Where axon terminal meets target cell
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11
Q

Describe the signals of the neurons.

A

PNS - afferent or sensory neurons signals from the periphery to CNS

Efferent neurons - motor neurons signals from CNS to the muscle/skin

CNS - Interneurons connecting brain and spinal chord

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12
Q

Define nerve.

A
  • A bundle of fibres that conduct impulses between the brain and spinal chord and another part of the body
  • Nerves include fragments of neurons (axons) and non-neuronal cells (neuroglia)
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13
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the neuron
- is a result of ion gradients

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14
Q

What are excitable cells?

A

Membrane potential changes in response to stimuli e.g. neurons

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15
Q

What are nerve impulses?

A

Changes in membrane potential that travel down nerves

16
Q

Describe the features of the cell membrane.

A
  • Highly impermeable to ions
  • Allows electrical signalling and excitability
17
Q

State the types of transport across cell membranes.

A
  • Passive diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport
  • Secretory/endocytic pathways
18
Q

Describe the membrane potential of neurones?

A
  • It is more negative on the inside than the outside of the cell
  • Membrane potential is due to unequal ion distribution
  • A gradient of ions across the membrane provides the membrane potential
19
Q

How do action potentials travel in neurones?

A

Travel one way - from dendrites to axons

20
Q

How does an action potential changes the membrane?

A

Changes it to +30mV

21
Q

How are electrical impulses formed?

A

By ions moving into the neruon

22
Q

How is the axonal action potential made up of?

A

Movement in sodium (+ charged ion) and potassium (+ charged ion)

23
Q

What does the signal received at dendrites cause?

A
  • Causes dendritic depolarisation: ligand gated ion channels and metabotropic receptors
  • This depolarisation opens voltage gated sodium channels
24
Q

What is the stimulus?

A

It can be electrical mechanical or chemical.

25
Q

Describe the all or nothing principle.

A
  • Stimulus has to be strong enough to reach threshold potential
  • Enough depolarisation to open first Na channels
  • Sodium channels in the membrane are sensitive to voltage and open when the threshold membrane potential is reached
26
Q

Describe action potential propagation.

A
  • The action potential Is propagated down the axon by voltage sensitive channels
  • Na+ voltage sensitive channels open due to local change in membrane potential
  • Causes more Na+ channels to open
  • Na+ channels behind the action potential become inactive
  • This means action potential can only move in ONE direction.
27
Q

Describe a synapse.

A

When one neurone meets another

28
Q

Describe how neurones form networks and communicate.

A
  • Electrical action potential triggers release of chemical signal (neurotransmitter)
  • Neurotransmitters from the pre-synapse bind to postsynaptic receptors
  • This triggers depolarisation of the postsynpatic neurone
29
Q

What are the two ways synapses can be described?

A

Excitatory - stimulus in second neurone
Inhibitory - Stimulus in 1st make an AP less likely to occur

30
Q

What is summation?

A

The combination of graded potentials in the post-synaptic neurone.

31
Q

State and describe the structures of the brain.

A

Cerebrum - Higher functions

Brain Stem - Involuntary functions, blood pressure, breathing, vomiting, sleep/arousal - includes the midbrain, pons and medulla

Cerebellum - co-ordinates balance and movement

Diencephalon - Homeostasis - its between brain stem and cerebrum and includes thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland.

32
Q

Describe the cerebrum: cortex.

A
  • 2 hemispheres joined by corpus callosum
  • Surface folded
  • Frontal: reasoning, planning, speech,
    movement, problem solving
  • Parietal: movement / orientation
    recognition, sensory information (pain)
  • Occipital: visual processing
  • Temporal: perceptions/recognition of
    auditory stimuli
33
Q

Describe the cerebrum: sub-cortical structures.

A
  • Basal ganglia: motor control
  • Limbic system:
    - Amygdala: emotion and memory
    - Hippocampus: Learning and memory
    (under temporal lobe)
  • Pituitary gland: a small gland located at the base of the brain below the hypothalamus - growth
    hormone, TSH
34
Q

State the four regions of the spinal chord.

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
35
Q

Describe the function of the spinal cord.

A
  • Connects your brain to your lower
    back
  • Carries nerve signals from your
    brain to your body and vice versa
  • Spinal cord is where information
    comes into the CNS and
    directions are sent out
36
Q

What is the distinct pattern of the spinal cord.

A
  • Sensory nerves enter via dorsal root
  • Motor nerves leave via ventral root
37
Q

Describe the spinal cord peripheral nerves.

A

(branches off
from spinal cord).
Spinal nerve: a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory, between the spinal cord and the body.

Paired peripheral nerves that arise from the spinal cord.

In humans there are 31 pairs:
8 cervical,
12 thoracic,
5 lumbar,
5 sacral, and
1 coccygeal.

Each pair connects the spinal
cord with a specific region of the body.

pharmacology (40 decks)

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