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nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

sensory neurons

A

used to detect any senses

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2
Q

motor neurons

A

CNS to muscles and glands, allows for Motor coordination and movement

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3
Q

the somatic nervous system is

A

controlled

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4
Q

the autonomic nervous system is

A

uncontrolled, involuntary
- Fight/Flight (sympathetic)
- Rest/Digest (parasympathetic)

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5
Q

reflexes

A
  • sensory neurons (BRING INFO IN), circuit (Simple neuron circuit), motor neurons (COORDINATE MOVEMENT), interneuron (BRIDGES SENSORY+MOTOR)
  • stimulus fires, where the sensory neurons sense and carry signals to the CNS and then passes to the motor neurons
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6
Q

is the brain required to regulate the control reflexes

A
  • brain isn’t required to control most reflexes
  • signals never go to the brain
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7
Q

spinal cord and reflexes connection

A
  • spinal cord controls reflexes
  • sensory neurons sends impulse to spinal cord
  • spinal cord directly impulse to motor neuron
  • doesn’t involve the brain
  • REFLEX ARCS DON’T INVOLVE SIGNALS TRAVELLING TO THE BRAIN
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8
Q

what are pumps used for

A

allowing ions to move down along their concentrations

K wants to flood out (3K+)
Na wants to flood in (2Na+)

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9
Q

What is Chlorine used for

A

neurotransmission,but don’t move around much

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10
Q

resting membrane potential

A

imbalance of ions across the cell membrane of neurons, MORE Na OUTSIDE THE CELL THAN K+ INSIDE THE CELLS
- the balance is maintained by Na/K pump

  • DIFF IN ELECTRICAL CHARGE BC OF THE ION CONCENTRATION
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11
Q

Graph for resting membrane potential terminology

A

1) Stimulus: Na+ leaks channels open, Na+ rushes IN to axon, number of interconnections and na+ depends on stimulus

2) threshold: if enough Na+ enters Na+ voltage gates open triggering an all or anything event, If not enough Na+ enters the membrane
- RESETS TO RP

(peak whether or not threshold is achieved)

3) Depolarization: voltage gated Na+ channels, open up via the positive feedback actions, Na+ rushes into axon along concentration gradient, membrane potential becomes positive

4) Hyperpolarization: K+ gates shut, na/k pumps kick in to RESET resting potential, 3 Na+ out 2K+ in
- axon enters a refractory period

5) Resting potential 2: K+ floods out of the axon along concentration gradient, loss of ve ions returns membrane potential back to being negative feedback loop
- eventually, Na/K concentration are flipped completely

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12
Q

how are voltage gated channels opened

A

by a difference in voltage

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13
Q

anaesthetics work by…(lidocaine for ex)

A

make the sodium gates open or prevent them from opening, essentially freezing the gates they can do this by depolarizing it and preventing voltage gates from opening

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14
Q

In response to a signal, the SOMA end of the axon….

A

becomes depolarized

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15
Q

actions potential: myelinated vs unmyelinated

A
  • myelin: insulates and speeds up reaction
  • unmyelinated neuron can lose some energy, takes more time (and especially If its long) signal can be lost
  • signal jumps between nodes of ranvier (faster)
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16
Q

graded/ungraded

A

graded- stimuli
ungraded-action potential

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17
Q

diff levels of reflexes

A
  • diff thresholds
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18
Q

Summation

A
  • many neurons are part of networks that excite and inhibit signals from being sent
  • EPSP: signals that are excitatory
  • IPSP: signals from neurons that are inhibitory
  • the balance of these determines the strength of the graded potential, and whether threshold is reached
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19
Q

not hitting thresholds means

A

not hitting threshold, no opening of voltage gated channels= no action potential opening
(creates graded potential)

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20
Q

part of the neuron, after the synapse

A

dendrite, changing membrane potential via graded potential: triggered by ntm binding

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21
Q

where does action potential occur

A

axon
-dendrites receive signal
- axon terminal transmits signal

  • signals that are being received come from another neuron
  • signals that are being transmitted are going to another dendrite
22
Q

action potential only occur

A
  • due to STIMULUS PHASE (Na entering axon)
  • EPSP: makes Na+ channels open to allow us to hit threshold
  • IPSP: prevent Na+ channels, preventing Na+ from entering so it isn’t meeting threshold
23
Q

k+ leaving means

A

resting potential decreases, by opening K channels

  • voltage channels are opened by voltage and (channels are diff than gates)
24
Q

graded potential occurs to

A

generate threshold

25
diffusion allows ions to move
- increased ions in synapse, increase the likelihood of molecules attaching to a receptor, and once it attaches the shape of the protein changes and it fully attaches where its shape and job changes
26
electric potential
diff in charge
27
movement of vesicles out of axon terminal
exocytosis, active transport - vesicles: contain NTM that'll be released to synapse
28
Post-synaptic
(Calcium is pre-synaptic and is a intracellular messenger-BINDS TO ACTIN AND MYOSIN TO make up exosksleton) - EPSP and IPSP
29
SUMMATION: the effects a ntm will have is determined by:
- time: more time means more likely to bind - concentration - type - IPSP vs EPSP balance - neural pathway
30
reputake:
- ntm are being recycled by being brought back to the pre-synaptic cell - enzymes can also remove NTM from the cleft: acetylcholinesterase does this at neuro-muscular junctions
31
degradation of ntm by enzyme
- post-synaptic membrane would continue depolarizing 1) ntm are synthesized and stored in vesicles 2) action potential..
32
paralysis
- Na+ channels never close - no concentration gradient=no potential - won't repolarize - permanent depolarization INFO ISN'T CONTINUOUSLY SENT
33
efferent and afferent nerves
- go opposite ways to the brain, EFFERENT AWAY, AFFERENT TOWARDS - neurones are organized into complicated web-like networks, many synapses go into neurons - NTM diffuse through cleft
34
acetylcholine
muscle memory
35
omega contoxins
- blocks Ca+ channel related to pain sensitivity - NEED CA FOR PRESYNAPTIC CHANNELS, triggers ntm release - blocking Ca+ restricts the communication between neurons - Pain: PNS---SENSORY NS TO TAKE INFO IN, ensures electrical signal doesn't get to the muscle - COVID BLOCKING SCENT - tissues of the olfactory nerves were infected: sensory info not brought into sensory nervous system
36
the reward pathway of the brain
- clusters of neurons: specific function - reward pathways job: to allow for the repetition of nice activities and have them easy to do to trigger the reward pathway - reward pathway: strengthens communication, makes memories based on rewarding activities, gathers information, etc. - brain chemicals are released
37
why does the reward pathway details memory
- increases the likelihood of the activity being done - associates action with reward than result, uncertainty reinforces reward circuit and overstimulation of reward circuit-craving
38
order of which external/internal stimuli from sensory neruon goes in:
into the spinal cord into the brain send response via muscles smell and sight--right into the brain
39
white vs grey matter
white matter=axons gray matter: unmyelinated, connections and associations
40
brain stem
- continuous with spinal cord, composed of hindbrind, and midbrain - medulla oblongata and pons: control heart rate, constriction of blood vessels, digestion, and respiration -can shut off consciousness braindead- little to no electrical activity in brain stem
41
midbrain
- connections between hind and forebrain, and visual and auditory reflexes, mammals use this for eye reflexes
42
the reticular system
- regulates sleep and arousal (awakening) - switches your brain in/out consciousness
43
sleep and wakefulness produce patterns of electrical activity in the brain that can be recorded as an ECG
true: dreaming occurs during REM
44
Cerebellum
] - fine motor coordinations: body, posture, and balance - the region of the brain controls fight or flight, controls muscles action, etc.
45
forebrain
cerebrum: gray matter diencephalon: relay center for homeostasis made up of hypothalamus+thalamus: switch centre for nerve messages and sensory information goes here first
46
Limbic system
- generation of emotions and emotional memories - thalamus and hypothalamus: bring info in
47
hippocampus
- consolidates learning by moving working memory to long term memory
48
amygdala
- survival type emotions
49
cerebrum
interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning,
50
an action potential is
a nerve impulse
51
function of neuron parts
- axon: conducts nerve impulses AWAY FROM NEURON to transmit info - dendrite: receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body - axon terminal: transmit signals to the next neuron/target cell by releasing ntm - myelin sheath: insulates and speeds up transmission - node of ranvier: rapid conduction of nerve impulses - Schwann cells: secrete myelin DENDRITES RECEIVE SIGNALS, CELL BODY GETS THEM, ACTION POTENTIAL TRAVELS DOWN AXON REACHING THE AXON TERMINAL RELEASING NTM TO THE NEXT NEURON OR TARGET CELL
52
saltatory conduction
- action potential jumps between nodes

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