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SBI4UN > DNA quiz > Flashcards

DNA quiz Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribosenucleicacid
- material that carries hereditary information

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1
Q

protein synthesis turns (blank) into (blank)

A

sequence of bases, characteristics

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2
Q

DNA is a polymer of

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

per one nucleotide

A
  • phosphate group
  • deoxyribose sugar (5C)
  • nitrogen-containing base
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4
Q

what results in differentiation of DNA

A
  • varying genes (that form all different proteins) and the varying sequence of nucleotides
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5
Q

what is a gene?

A

contains the individual A,C,T,G parts of DNA

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6
Q

Pyrimidines are…

A
  • single ring
    THYMINE
    CYTOSINE
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7
Q

purines are…

A
  • double rings
    ADENINE
    GUANINE
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8
Q

Watson and Crick

A
  • DNA: double helix
  • 2 strands
  • Each strand has a sugar phosphate backbone on the outside
  • bases on the inside: backbone=sugar+phosphate
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9
Q

what causes a helix to have uniform width

A
  • because a pyramiding pairs with a purine
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10
Q

what does DNA need to be purified from

A
  • other proteins
  • cellular contaminants
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11
Q

DNA Sample: 35% thymine
- what percent is guanine?

A

15%

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12
Q

5’-ATTCCAG-3’

A

3’-TAAGGTC-5’

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13
Q

DNA TO RNA

RNA TO DNA

RNA TO PROTIEN

A
  • transcription
  • reverse transcription
  • translation
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14
Q

what is DNA needed for

A
  • growth
  • repair
  • reproduction: sexually/asexually
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15
Q

what is the triplet code

A
  • instructions for the 20 amino acids that DNA carries, occurs in chunks of three
  • 3 BASES=1 AMINO ACID
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16
Q

types of DNA replication

A
  • conservative
  • semi-conservative
  • dispersive
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17
Q

meselson-stahl experiment

A
  • DNA replication is the focus
  • bc of how strong DNA is, semi-conservative is inadmissible because of it needing to split
  • grew cells in a nitrogen that made cells heavy
    (isotope of N-to track new DNA and examines after each replication event)
  • used centrifugation: got heavier, moved to bottom
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18
Q

DNA replication

A

1) initiation
- section of DNA is unwound to expose the bases for new base pairs

2) elongation
- 2 new DNA strands are created using the 2 ‘parental’ strands as templates

3) termination
- process completion and new DNA molecules reform into helixes

19
Q

5 key points of DNA

A

1) semi-conservative
2) anti-parallel
3) complementary
4) new DNA from 5 to 3
5) a fork is 1/2 a bubble

20
Q

initiation in depth

A
  • DNA helixes breaks the H-bonds, forming the bubbles or FORKS
  • single stranded binding potentials (SSBPs) attach to the free sections of the DNA to prevent it from bonding, and rewinding into a helix
21
Q

elongation in depth

A
  • 2 new DNA strands are created using the two parental strands as templates
  • DNA polymerase 3 adds new bases onto the parental strands by adding the 3’ end
  • adds complementary to the parental strand
  • must start at a RNA primer
    laid by enzyme primase, bc DNA polymerase 3 has to latch on a primer before starting
22
Q

new bases can only be paired…

A

in the 5’-3’ direction

23
Q

leading strand

A
  • strand that moves continuously towards the fork
    1) primase attaches and adds RNA nucleotides to the parental strand
    2) DNA poly 3 begins adding complementary nucleotides in the 5’-3’ direction
    3) DNA polymerase 1 attaches to the primer+dismantles it

THIS REPLICATION PROCEEDS TOWARDS THE REPLICATION FORK

only putting 1 primer down–place to attach

  • will always be new stuff for DNA polymerase to copy
24
Q

Lagging strand

A
  • one strand that moves AWAY from the fork
  • moves slower causing the backtracking of DNA replication

1) primase attaches and adds RNA nucleotides to the parental strand
2) DNA polymerase 3 begins adding complementary nucleotides in 5’-3’ (AWAY FROM THE FORK)
3) DNA polymerase 3 continues until it meets another RNA primer, then it detaches
4) Another DNA polymerase 3 attaches upstream of the go primer, repeating steps 2,3

THIS CREATES SMALL DISCRETE PIECES OF DNA=OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

5) DNA ligase (glue-like) then joins the Okazaki fragments together by forming phospodiesteir bonds between nucleotides

25
Q

Termination

A

1) DNA reforms its helical shape without enzymes
2) At the end of the lagging strands the Okazaki fragments and the parental strands won’t match up perfectly because of RNA primer

** THIS ONLY HAPPENS IN EUKARYOTES, PROKARYOTES HAVE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOMES** – no start/finish

3) Little bit of unpaired DNA will be snipped off, leaving the new strand slightly shorter than the original

26
Q

as chromosomes replicate…

A

they get shorter, eventually will lose information and die

27
Q

Proof Reading

A

**DNA poly 2 checks to make sure the H BONDS are present, if not, the enzyme removes the new nulceotides and inserts the proper one
- DNA polymerase 3
- mistakes happen 1/10 billion nucleotides

28
Q

telomeres

A
  • at the end of each chromosome is a telomere- a “nonsense” region of DNA (repeats of TTAGGG)
  • these buffer the loss of DNA, when telomeres erode, the cell usually malfunctions and dies
  • an enzyme known as telomerase replenishes telomeres, this enzyme is deactivated after a certain point
  • it’s reactivated in cancer cells making them immortal
29
Q

DNA is coiled around

A

proteins=histones

30
Q

what are telomeres

A

region at the ends of chromosomes used in cell division
- short arm: p
- long arm: q

31
Q

genome

A

sum of all of an organisms DNA
- organized into packets=chromosomes

**Genomes can be organized into CODING and NON CODING regions

Coding: codes for proteins
Non-Coding: telomeres, centromeres

32
Q

Non-coding proteins

A
  • psuedogenomes: genes that are never expressed due to mutations
  • GLO/GLUO in humans is an ex.
  • a gene that is functional allows vitamin C synthesis from glucose, but a mutation that causes 1 enzyme in the process to go missing: we cant produce vitamin C naturally
33
Q

another area of non-coding DNA=composed of transposons or transposable events

A
  • little segments of DNA, more from 1 generation to another using our genomes
  • not efficient function
  • can insert themselves in a functional gene, causing a non-functional group (webbed fingers for ex.)
  • Jumping genes that move around the genome that “copy, cut, and paste themselves” into chromosomes (ex. ALU)
34
Q

ERV- endogenous retro virus

A
  • extinct retroviruses (same class as HIV) that are stuck in our genome
  • problems for human ancestors but have been knocked out by mutations in our DNA
  • Account for 8% of human genome: in contrast, our genes only account for 2% of the 3 billion A,C,T,G
  • they can be used to build phylogenic trees to test fossil records and restlessness
35
Q

2% of our genome

A

coding region

36
Q

CODING REGIONS

A
  • gene: specific sequence of DNA that codes for proteins/RNA
  • specific type, arrangement, number, and location cause variations btwn species
  • NOT spread evenly among chromosomes
  • No relationship btwn chromosomes size/number and the number of genes/organism “complexity”
37
Q

SNPs

A
  • single nucleotide polymorphism
  • single base pair substitutions: cause SNPs
  • SNPs can affect hair, drug reaction, or have no effects
38
Q

MSTN gene

A

regulates insulin growth factor in muscles (IGF)

39
Q

Gene structure

A
  • each gene has regulatory elements that don’t code for amino acids but enable the gene to be transcripts to MRNA (promoters and terminators)
  • a common promoter (gene starts here)= TATA box
  • always 2 promoters and 2 terminators needed to begin/end genes

EXONS: expressed into amino acid sequences
INTRONS: removed (deleted movie scene-intron analogy)

  • ONLY MUTATIONS OF THE EXONS COUNT WILL SHOW ON AN ORGANISM
40
Q

increased introns

A

increased stability, but increasing the efficiency and rate of mRNA translation

41
Q

promoter

A
  • start TATA
  • cellular machinery gathers to build RNA message
  • proteins bind to specific DNA sequences
42
Q

Protein coding region

A
  • nucleotides specify the order of the a.a. that make up a protein
43
Q

intron

A

not expressed, cut out

44
Q

exon

A

expressed

45
Q

terminator

A

occur at the end of a gene and cause transmission to stop
- causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription

SBI4UN (28 decks)

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