excretory system

Question 1

what is the purpose of the excretory system

Answer 1

maintaining dynamic equilibrium to keep enzymes happy,

removal of non-solid waste from the body through lungs (CO2 and H2O gas), sweat glands (in skin release: some excess h2o and salts), kidneys (filter and clean the blood to produce urine)

Question 2

single cells rely on (BLANK) to remove waste

Answer 2

diffusion

Question 3

Cluters of cells require a

Answer 3

transport system

Question 4

is fecal matter the same as waste?

Answer 4

No, fecal matter was never inside your body

Question 5

osmoregulation

Answer 5

homeostasis of the water concentration: usually measured by solute concentration

a) freshwater
- hypotonic to bodily fluids
- h2o flow into cells + salt loss- reabsorb salts

b) saltwater
- slightly hypertonic/isotonic to bodily fluids
- h2o loss from cells

c) land
- dry environment
- need to conserve water and salt

Question 6

nitrogen waste

Answer 6

• produced naturally by amino acid breakdown
• NH3–highly soluble– highly toxic
• urea–less souble–less toxic
• ammino waste to the liver, produces urea, filtered out of the blood by kidneys, lost in urine
• uric acid- not soluble-less toxic
• crystals present in urine that can build up in joints leading to arthritis

Question 7

egg laying mammals and nitrogen waste

Answer 7

• urine is just in the egg, needs to be converted to uric acid – insoluble (fecal matter in birds=uric acid crystal)

Question 8

how is uric acid production increased

Answer 8

increased protein, especially meats
as the body metabolizes purine, a compound found in high-protein foods. Elevated levels of uric acid may overwhelm the kidneys’ capacity to excrete it

Question 9

what is the top of kidneys protected by, and what does damage to the kidney cause

Answer 9

ribs, increased urine output (potential blood)

Question 10

ureter

Answer 10

tube that drains each kidney, brings urine down to the bladder
-external

Question 11

bladder

Answer 11

waterproof holder of urine, anything in the bladder will be sterile, stretches and changes size via stretch receptors (these receptors stretch outwards and the receptors send a message to the brain to encourage urination)
-external

Question 12

urethra

Answer 12

• autopilot
• controllable.
  -external
  The urethra serves as a duct through which urine is expelled from the bladder

Question 13

kidneys

Answer 13

bean shaped organ
- 2 layers: medulla and cortex
- filtering units: nephro
- renal artery and vein
- GOAL: to balance blood chemistry

Question 14

homeostasis for the kidneys

Answer 14

• o2 blood flows in and out
• unfiltered blood: in through artery
• filtered blood: out through the veins
• filtered blood goes back up to the heart
• keeping the concentration of blood stable
  1) pH, salinity, H2O conc, etc.
  2) remove waste from blood
  3) release key hormones

Question 15

urine formation varies

Answer 15

based on diet, hydration, etc.

Question 16

what do nephrons do

Answer 16

clean the blood and produce urine (inside of the tube represents an exterior body surface)
- nephrons are the filtering units of the kidneys
- they clean and rebalance the blood to produce urine

Question 17

everything dissolved in blood plasma leaves the body through means of

Answer 17

• increased pressure (force “watery” components out of bloodstream into nephron)
• transports glucose, water, and ions

Question 18

The 3 step-process in which nephrons clean the body

Answer 18

1) filtration of the blood
2) plasma leaks out through the glomerulus into the nephron in Bowmans capsule
3) h2o, na+,k+ ions, glucose, amino acids are all filtered out of the blood

• exiting of plasma via holes, thicker as it leaves the glomerulus

Question 19

reabsorption of materials

Answer 19

• active/passive transport
• proximal tubule:
• 90% reabsorbed: glucose, ions, amino acids

Question 20

loop of henle

Answer 20

—-descending loop of henle, lined with aquaporins (h2o moves via osmosis out of urine back into the bloodstream)

—ascending loop of henle
- no aquaporins
- lots of channels for ions: allow ions to move along concentration gradients
- most of the sodium is reabsorbed

Question 21

distal tubule

Answer 21

continued reabsorption of h2o and electrolytes

Question 22

collecting duct

Answer 22

• h2o may be reabsorbed
• final adjustment

Question 23

tree analogy of the excretory system

Answer 23

trunk: ureter
branches: collecting duct
twigs: nephrons

Question 24

excretion of materials

Answer 24

• urea is excreted by diffusion in the distal tubule
• drugs leave the bloodstream into the urine in the distal tubule

Question 25

brights disease/glometulonephirits

Answer 25

symptoms: edema, hypertension, albumin in urine cause: genetic diseases, forms of cancer treatment: dialysis, diuretics, antibiotics

Question 26

diabetes insipidus

Answer 26

symptoms: excessive urination, thirst cause: improper ADH secretion, amount of fluid that is balanced in kidneys treatments: manufactured hormone (DDVAP, nocdurna, replaces ADH)

Question 27

ketosis

Answer 27

symptoms: weight loss, increased ketones in the blood, urine, etc. cause: decreased intake of carbs as the body breaks down fat, it produces an acid=ketones=body's main source of energy, it now relies of fat making weight loss easier treatment: increased carb intake, IV injection of dextrose, fluid replacement

Question 28

kidney stones

Answer 28

symptoms: severe back/side pain, vomiting cause: crystallization of different salts in the collecting duct treatment: pain medication, increased intake of water, using sound/heat waves to remove, diuretics *causes backup of urine bc the stones can block the collecting duct*

Question 29

hypertension

Answer 29

symptoms: difficulty urinating, severe headaches, possible pink/red/brown urine cause: many organs contribute to hypertension, the kidney controls is ADH,RAAS treatment: BP decreasing medication -- diuretics, ACE inhibitor, cuts off high BP by reabsorbing salts

Question 30

ADH

Answer 30

controlled: decreased bp, increased plasma osmolarity stimulus: impulses in the neurosecretory terminals in the pituitary, decreased. bp, increased osmolarity hormones and origin: ADH from pituitary, released from posterior pituitary effect: decreased urine output, increased blood pressure, reabsorbption of water in collecting ducts controlled by decreased bp

Question 31

RAAS

Answer 31

controlled: bp, blood volume, levels of ions in the blood (h+, na+, k+) cause of release: - low bp/blood volume - dehydration - Na+ deficiency or hemorrhage (bleeding)...issues with hypertension...kidneys are designed to hold onto Na+ hormones and origin: - renin--decreased bp - angiotensionogen--renin eats it and turns it into 1 - lungs with angiotensin converting enzyme converts 1-2 - more ion and water reabsorption leading to more aldosterone - adrenal gland, more sodium reabsorption in collecting duct effect: ion and water reabsorption, and more na+=increased blood volume - increased bp via vasoconstriction, angiotensin 2=vasoconstriction of arterioles

Question 32

EPO

Answer 32

controlled: production of rbc cause of release: hypoxia (decreased blood o2 with increased altitude) hormones and origin: -EPO: promotes rbc production in the bone marrow, increased rbc, increased oxygenation and surpresses EPO production - need iron to make more rbc *high o2 can cause hypoxia in the kidneys and EPO* effect: increased rbc production in bone marrow, and oxygenation

Question 33

glomerulus

Answer 33

high pressure capillary network forcing fluid out

Question 34

The part of the nephron where fluid is absorbed from the circulatory system is the:

Answer 34

Bowmans capsule

Question 35

Blood flows into the kidney along the:

Answer 35

renal artery

Question 36

The part of the nephron that primarily reabsorbs water is:

Answer 36

descending loop of henle

Question 37

The part of the nephron that primarily reabsorbs Na+ ions is:

Answer 37

Ascending Loop of Henle flip

Question 38

ADH acts mostly on the

Answer 38

collecting duct (increase water absorption)

Question 39

The primary enzyme released when blood pressure drops is:

Answer 39

renin

Question 40

Birds & Insects get rid of Nitrogenous waste by producing: Mammals get rid of Nitrogenous waste by producing: fish:

Answer 40

uric acid urea ammonia

Question 41

Glucose reabsorption occurs in the

Answer 41

proximal tubule

Question 42

Water and Salt re-absorption into the circulatory system is mostly done by:

Answer 42

loop of henle

Question 43

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 43

to maintain blood pressure, absorb sodium, and ensure proper flow rate

Question 44

osmoregulatory vs osmoconformers

Answer 44

Osmoconformers maintain internal conditions that are equal to the osmolarity of their environment. Osmoregulators keep their body's osmolarity constant, regardless of environmental conditions.

Question 45

vasa recta

Answer 45

A capillary network that surrounds the nephron to reabsorb things OUT of the urine INTO the blood

Question 46

what part of the nephron collects blood plasma

Answer 46

Bowmans capsule

Question 47

where is blood plasma lost

Answer 47

glomerulus

Question 48

what is the absorption of water and ions regulated by

Answer 48

bp

Question 49

why do egg laying mammals produce uric acid

Answer 49

- less toxic and requires less water for excretion compared to urea. - makes it easier to fly too since its less water based and helps conserve water

Question 50

RAAS summarized

Answer 50

- It begins with the release of renin by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels. - Renin activates angiotensin, leading to the production of angiotensin II (done by lungs using ACE), a potent vasoconstrictor, which stimulates aldosterone release -promoting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys to increase blood volume and raise blood pressure.

Question 51

how are kidneys involved in osmoregulation

Answer 51

- filtration of blood in the glomerulus, followed by the reabsorption of water and essential solutes in the renal tubules. The concentration of urine is regulated by adjusting the permeability of the collecting ducts, allowing the kidneys to maintain the body's water and electrolyte balance.