Carbohydrates: Sugars Flashcards
Glucose and Galactose
lactose
Glucose and Fructose
sucrose
Glucose and Glucose together (dehydration synthesis)
maltose
The bond that joins the two monosaccharides is called:
Glycosidic Linkage
Plants store energy in the polysaccharide called:
starch
Carbohydrates basic information
- end in ‘ose’
- single unit=monosaccharides
- HC chain with OH
- always a CARBONYL
Carbohydrate Carbonyl
ALDEHYDE=ALDOSE
KETONE=KETOSE
(polar but may not always dissolve in water too well)
1:2:1 ratio for C:H:O
Functions for carbohydrates
- fuel for cell respiration (designed to work on glucose)
- energy storage
- structural components (ex. cellulose for cell wall in plants or chitin for fungi)
- cell surface markers
What is glucose?
- Basic Monomer
- What ALL cells want for cell respiration
- hexose and aldose sugar
aldose: sugar with ketose
hexose: sugar with 6 carbons - Most common monomer used to built most polymers (polysaccharides)
Isomers in glucose
- molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures and arrangement
- position of OH and CO (glucose vs galactose)
- ALDOSE (glucose) VS KETOSE (fructose)
- All of them can be used in cell respiration but aren’t ideal- Glucose=fuel
What do glucose and large monosaccharides form in watery solutions
dehydration synthesis: water molecules are removed as glycosidic bonds are formed between the individual sugar molecules.
Alpha and Beta glucose
- OH groups point away/towards you
- differences appear when they’re connected in long chains
Cellulose shows up as
individual strands, linear shape
Disaccharides form via
via dehydration synthesis
- enzymes join 2 hydroxyl groups to produce water
- the oxygen bridge that is formed is called a GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
= SUCROSE
- ether linkage (glycosidic linkage) that forms an oxygen bridge and enzymes join two hydroxyls to form a water molecule
How do you digest or break down the sugars
hydrolysis, having to take in water to digest carbohydrates
(this is why you feel the need to drink water after something sweet)
How does Sucrose break down?
Disaccharide is broken down by sucrase enzyme into glucose and fructose
How does Lactose break down?
Enzyme lactase breaks down into glucose and galactose so it can be absorbed in the bloodstream
How does maltose break down?
Using enzyme Maltase, breaks down into two glucose units