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homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the importance of maintaining homeostasis

A
  • maintaining an internal set of conditions
  • keeping enzymes happy

nervous system: NTM balance to regulating cognition, mood, behaviour. Synaptic transmission; regulation of ntm release, receptor strenth.

excretory system: remove waste, avoid buildup, maintain bp and concentration of electrolytes, produce and release hormones (renin) properly

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2
Q

vant hoffs rule

A
  • for every 1- degrees, the reaction rate doubles twice as much product
  • increased particle collisions, increased reaction rate, increased activity
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3
Q

catabolism vs anabolism

A

catabolism- breaking apart
anabolism- putting together

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4
Q

3D shape of enzymes/protein

A
  • composed of amino acids with a specific sequence
  • amino acids are put in a certain order based on genes
  • likes dissolve likes, electrostatic forces, disulphide bridges
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5
Q

essentially, a disease is

A

enzyme/pathway isn’t functioning properly

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6
Q

how much energy are animals using from food to maintain a set of internal conditions

A
  • around 60%, internal regulation is expensive
  • homeostasis keeping cells happy is not linear, contains upper and lower thresholds
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7
Q

the number of calories you need is essentially the amount of energy you need for

A

homeostasis, taking in fewer calories causes the body to use glycogen storage, fats, and proteins for calories

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8
Q

feedback loops

A

negative: (thermostat concept)
- works against changes
- maintains dynamic equilibrium
- trying to maintain a moving balance (nonlinear)

UPPER LIMITS: cool body off
LOWER LIMITS: warm body up

positive: reinforce changes by amplifying an effect
- if you were warm, your furnace would stay
Ex. Increased virus distribution, increased infected people

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9
Q

order of a feedback loop

A

stimulus
sensor
control
effector

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10
Q

why do we breathe faster when we exercise

A

negative f.l.
- co2 and blood pH, CO2 reacts with H2O in the blood to form a weak acid, lowering blood pH

STIMULUS: increased co2/drop in pH
SENSOR: medulla oblongata has sensory cells
CONTROL CENTRE: medulla is also the control centre
EFFECTOR: cause of change-diaphragm and the heart

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11
Q

how do cells know when to act

A
  • P. f.l: oxytocin for birth, blood clotting
  • hormones (chemical signals that influence cell activity)
  • produced by glands, travel through the circ system, affects cells with matching receptors
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12
Q

Baby moving towards cervix (positive feedback loop)

Dehydration (negative feedback loop)

A

CERVIX
- stimulus: tension in the cervical tissue
- sensor: stretch receptors are stimulated
- control centre: hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
- effector: smooth muscle in uterus wall contracts

DEHYDRATION
stimulus: drop in BP
sensor: –
control centre: hypothalamus and pituitary glands (releasing antidiuretic hormone=preventing urination)
effector: increased blood pressure, because the lack of urination increases blood volume

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13
Q

what are hormones

A
  • chemical signals that influence cell activity
  • produced by glands, travel through the circ system, affects cells with matching receptors
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14
Q

what are endocrine glands (examples)

A

kidneys- release urine
lacromo glands- produce tears
salivary glands- produce salivia
mucus glands- produce mucus

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15
Q

function of thyroid glands
function of parathyroid glands

A
  • regulate metabolism
  • control calcium in the blood
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16
Q

infundibulum

A

tissue that connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

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17
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus:
- coordinator of homeostasis
- produces releasing hormones, sent to pituitary gland

pituitary gland:
- found below the hypothalamus in the brain
- controls growth and water levels in the blood
- produces stimulating hormones sent throughout the body

pituitary tube: causes abnormal growth

hypothyroidism: less thyroid circulating through body for cell respiration: decreased atp, decreased energy
therefore, hyperthyroidism can cause hair loss

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18
Q

Which messenger(s) is/are used to regulate meiosis and helps with oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

FSH, LH

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19
Q

which messenger deals with melatonin?

which messenger encourages growth?

which messengers causes milk to be produced?

(both directly work on tissues)

A

melatonin: MSH

Growth: GH

prolactin: causes milk to be produced

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20
Q

posterior pituitary is involved in releasing which hormone

A

oxytocin: acts directly on all smooth muscle (all muscle not attached to bone)
to cause contractions

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21
Q

releasing hormones causes

A

stimulation of other glands to produce hormones
- allows glands to communicate with one another
- are used in temperature regulation

EX. COLD EXPOSURE

  • COLD EXPOSURE
  • HYPOTHALAMUS (releases TRH (thyroid reset hormones))
  • PITUITARY (releases TSH)
  • THYROID
  • THYROXINE
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22
Q

steroid vs peptide hormones

A

steroid:
- go right into the cell. receptor is in the cytoplasm,
- bind with receptors in the cytoplasm
- hormone: receptors complex enters the SINGLE BAND nucleus and creates proteins via protein synthesis

steroid—cholesterol—lipid
(non polar in nature, can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer)

peptide:
- receptors are on the outside of the cell membrane
- will bind with their receptors
- doesn’t go into cell
- causes a transduction pathway (domino effect)
- too large to cross through the membrane (proteins) goes and causes a change
- SECOND MESSENGER PRODUCED: reduced version of ATP- cAMP
- cAMP activates protein kinases: enzymes that regulate protein activity

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23
Q

what are steroids

A

cholesterol based molecules that help with muscle building

24
Q

what happens to our metabolic rate when our temperature decreases

A

it’ll increase as a way to produce more energy in the form of heat

25
what is oxidative phosphorylation
- electrons that are pumped through ETC that (eventually are used to make h2o by being attracted to o2 and produce atp) generates ATP from ADP
26
what is the G protein
relay protein - triggers adenylate cyclase to create cAMP which acts as the second messenger - hormone + receptor = signal (1st messenger)
27
the endocrine system and hormones what is a gland?
organs of the endocrine system that secrete hormones that act throughout the body
28
what is the parathyroid gland
deals with calcium levels in our blood
29
what are adrenal glands
controls stress, and controls h2o levels - hormones that travel through the bloodstream to cells with matching receptors - endocrine glands empty contents into the bloodstream
30
purpose of exocrine glands
- exocrine glands are outside substances that are secreted via ducts outside the body * sweat and salivary glands, pancreas (digestive enzymes) *
31
what does cAMP active
enzyme cascade
32
hormonal imbalances
- can cause severe illness, abnormal levelling affects homeostasis, can be treated with medicine - steroids, a pituitary tumour, or prescription drugs can make the pituitary overactive and indirectly cause problems
33
control of metabolism
- Basal metabolic rate: measure co2 concentration difference, O2 consumption can be used to measure metabolic rate - roughly measures the rate of energy transformations using controlled conditions - alert, rested, fasting for 12 hr - insulin, sex hormones, etc. affect the metabolic rate but don't regulate it
34
why does metabolic rate increase with decreased age
- large SA: V ratio (smaller)= needs to grow : loose heat faster, need a higher metabolic rate
35
what is metabolism
all the chemical reactions happening in the body: the production and usage of energy
36
thyroid gland
- the thyroid hormones regulate BMR, long-term stress, and prolonged exposure to cold - the THYROID GLAND contains follicles that contains iodine (from blood) and hormone pre-cursors - hormones are formed by iodine to tyrosine (Amino acid)
37
t3 vs t4
t2 works better than t4 which alters enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways t3= works faster t4=hands around for longer
38
goiter
- decreased iodine diet, not enough t4, increased ash, builds up in thyroid - iodine comes from salt (mostly, also fish)
39
cretinism
- absence of t3/t4 in early infancy, nervous system develops slower - growth and neurocognitive delays - short + "long" bones T3/T4: speed up/ stimulate reactions - brown fat: mitochondria generates heat, turning cells brown, increased mitochondria, increased heat generated - white fat: decreased mitochondria, decreased heat generated, fat drop is large, everything else is pushed to the edge
40
hypothyroidism
failure of TSH secretion/damage to thyroid/lack of Iodine (goiter) - reduced BMR - fatigue, lethargic, cold, edema, reduced cardiac, output, diminished physical/mental activity - weight gain, hair loss (decreased ATP that's used to make proteins)
41
primary and secondary hypothyroidism
primary: thyroid can't produce amount of hormones (disorder of thyroid gland) secondary: thyroid is being stimulated by pituitary to produce hormones (dysfunction of gland or hypothalamus)
42
graves disease
(Can be caused by hyperthyroidism) - common cause to TSH - immune system antibodies can mimic TSH function (antibodies and TSH have similar shape, form follows function)
43
hyperthyroidism
- overactive thyroid, increased BMR - hot, irritable, nervous, weight loss, irregular heart beat (arrhythmia) - difficulty sleeping, muscle weakness (due to extra ATP= muscles is not receiving everything it should be)
44
stress
- any event which may make demands upon the organism and set in motion a non-specific bodily response which leads to a variety of change 1) demands upon the organism - stress call for action (response) from our body 2) non-specific bodily response: all events invoke the same type of response, through, emotional intensity can vary 3) temporary or permanent physiological or structural change - the after effects can cause change
45
what is our body designed to do when stress comes up
- keep us alive, not to cope with stress
46
what is an analgesic
a pain killer, caused by beta-endorphin, pain medications bind to opioid receptors in our brain to block pain
47
adrenal medulla's function during stressful situations
- releases epinephrine and noraepinephrine - secreted at times of stress - glucose is mobilized in skeletal muscle and liver cells - f.a. are released from fat cells serving as extra energy sources - reducing blood flow to gut (since its not protected by ribs, so if its hurt it hurts less) - Vasco-constriction, increased bp
48
corticosteroids
- gluocorticoids: control to produce a long term and slow stress response by raising blood glucose levels - mineralcorticoids - cortical sex hormones (testerone, estrogen, etc.)
49
reproductive processes and hormones
- male and female=gamete creation - males: quantity, females: quality female cycle: eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles male cycle: sperm production in the testes is controlled
50
hormones in female cycle
FSH, LH, and ESTROGEN stimulate the release of eggs - follicle ruptures at ovulation=follicle has the egg in it (when it bursts, it releases the egg) - egg travels into fallopian tubes (external) - ruptures follicle= corpus luteum
51
role of female cycle hormones
FSH (caused by GnRH) - stimulating follicle development - causes release of estrogen - secreted by anterior pituitary LH (caused by GnRH) - surge in LH causes ovulation - causes development of corpus luteum (releasing progesterone) - secreted by anterior pituitary ESTROGEN - peak levels cause ovulation - promotes growth and endometrium repair - secreted by developing follicle PROGESTERONE - maintains endometrium - secreted by corpus luteum - death of corpus luteum stops the release of progesterone and causes MENSTRUATION
52
what becomes the corpus leuteum
the graffian follicle
53
when does fertilization occur
when a sperm cell joins an egg cell - nucleus of sperm joins with an egg - membrane keeps out other sperm - zygote formed HCG- pregnancy hormone
54
what is a follicle and corpus leuteum, and endometrium in the female reproductive cycle in one sentence
follicle: fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg corpus leuteum: structure formed from the ruptured ovarian follicle endometrium: inner lining of the uterus
55
hormones in the male reproductive cycle
- sperm production in testes is controlled by hormones FSH and LH - testerone, FSH, and LH, stimulate sperm production in steroli cells
56
what is a steroli cell
spermatogenesis aiding cells

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