chart short answer ideas Flashcards
how does cyanide kill?
by blocking the final step of electron transport to oxygen, it also binds irreversibly to cytochrome oxidase (the last electron carrier complex before o2) preventing cells from using oxygen and it moves fast
explain the quote “life is nothing but an electron looking for a place to rest.”
emphasizes the importance of energy and metabolism in all living systems.
-in glycolysis go to electron carrier NAD to form NADH,
- in Krebs go to FAD to form FADH2 (CHECK) and are carried there
- in etc: electrons are continually transported from one place to another
- in phosphorylation, such as in photosynthesis and photo-phos, they are being pumped to create concentration gradients
knowing what you know about o2 being the final electron acceptor in the etc process, why do we need to breathe?
without it, the electron transfer chain cannot function resulting in a lack of oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- cells get no o2, and then we will die bc cells NEED o2 for respiration to produce more efficient atp supply
- SUMMARY: The transfer of electrons to oxygen removes them from the ETC and allows more electrons to flow down the chain (it prevents a pile-up of electrons). Thus, the ETC can continue to function making more ATP.
if there is a mutation that would affect the permeability of hydrogen ions, how would that affect the cells needs
- an increase of permeability would increase the amount of atp produced through atp synthase with more protons being transferred over: more atp would need to be stored in glycogen, atp overload if atp is continually produced
- a decrease of permeability would prevent enough atp from being synthesized by h+ ions and would lead to decreased atp production, energy storage, and weaken and fatigue the muscles
how does sucrose concentration affect yeast
since yeast is needed in ethanol fermentation where co2 is exited from the cell, there is co2 produced when yeast bubbles.
Sucrose directly affects co2 production: its easier to break sucrose down with enzymes than lactose. Yeast has the enzyme to break down sucrose (sucrase) but not lactase to break down lactose, and thus enough sucrose-yeast substrate to not oversaturate the enzyme sucrase will result in more bubbles and more co2
What about the NADH from Glycolysis?
The NADH from Glycolysis are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell. To get into the mitochondrion for use in the ETC, the electrons are passed (Eukaryotic cells) through the outer mitochondrial membrane to FAD+ producing FADH2. Since FADH2 has been formed, those electrons only lead to production of 2 ATP. In some PROKAYOTIC cells, the NADH from Glycolysis pass electrons into the mitochondrion to NAD+ producing NADH. Those electrons lead to production of ___3_____ ATP.
A new drug was found to decrease hepatitis B virus. The drug is an analogue of one of the nucleic acid bases of DNA and probably works by being incorporated into the virus and disrupting viral genes during viral DNA replication. However, patients in a clinical trial of the drug began to experience drastic overproduction of lactic acid and liver failure leading to death. The most likely explanation for the problem:
In the case of patients in this clinical trial, ongoing exposure to the drug would disrupt mitochondrial DNA as use continued, rendering more mitochondria unable to produce ATP. Lactic acid production as a by-product of fermentation would continue, and eventually overwhelm the liver.
Explain why in anaerobic cells the ratio of pyruvate/ lactate is much less than 1 while under aerobic conditions the ratio of pyruvate/ lactate is much greater than 1.
Lactate is produced from pyruvate only under anaerobic conditions.
The glycolytic pathway produces pyruvate, which in the presence of oxygen will be further metabolized in the citric acid cycle to produce NADH and FADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Normally, lactic acid will be low under these conditions. In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic), pyruvate must be converted to lactic acid, the only reaction that can regenerate NAD+ allowing further glycolysis. The production of lactic acid only under anaerobic conditions explains why pyruvate/lactate is much less than 1 in anaerobic cells and much greater than one in aerobic cells.
why isn’t ethanol toxic to the body like it is to yeast
because our liver will take it and produce acetylaldehyde and then produce aldehyde to make it less toxic and flush it out easier
what happens when a suspension of yeast is in a warm sugar solution
When yeast is added to container A containing warm sugar solution, fermentation occurs. In fermentation, sugar (glucose) is broken down into alcohol, CO₂, and energy is produced. Thus, this experiment displays fermentation.
why don’t all eukaryotic organisms produce the maximum number of 38 ATP molecules per one glucose
a lot of the atp can be lost as heat to regulate homeostasis: in general, this is too much of a perfect scenario
if aerobic respiration yields more energy, what is the point of anaerobic respiration?
- which employ bacteria that respire solid electron acceptors (such as oxidized iron) to transfer electrons
- lets organisms survive, even rbc, without o2
what is an adaptive advantage of animals to use lactate fermentation rather than ethanol fermentation?
to reduce burning and continue to use nad and nadh for glycolysis to continue without rapid muscle fatigue
why is vitamin b deficiency linked to fatigue
a component of coenzyme FAD is riboflavin, and it holds electrons to synthesize ATP in the electron transport chain
EPO was used to treat people with anemia by increasing rbc production
a) how does it help with anemia
b) why is it banned in endurance sports
a) more rbc production can help deal with symptoms of anemia with more o2 being delivered
b) EPO to increase one’s red blood cell mass, which allows the body to transport more oxygen to muscles and therefore increase stamina and performance.
