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ANAPHY > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

It processes and interprets the sensory input and
decides what should be done

A

integration

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2
Q

causes a response, or effect, by activating
muscles or glands (effectors)

A

motor output

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3
Q

brain and spinal cord.
occupy the dorsal body cavity.

A

Central nervous system

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4
Q

act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous
system.
interpret incoming sensory information and issue
instructions based on past experience and current conditions.

A

Central Nervous system

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5
Q

nerves and ganglia
— includes all parts of the nervous system outside the CNS.
— consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the spinal
cord and brain.

A

Peripheral Nervous system

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6
Q

carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.

A

Spinal Nerves

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7
Q

carry impulses to and from the brain.

A

Cranial Nerves

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8
Q

exits the CNS
— carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the
muscles and glands.

A

Motor Division (efferent division)

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9
Q

convey impulses to cns from sensory receptors

A

Sensory Division

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10
Q

— voluntary nervous system
— allows us to consciously (voluntarily), control our
skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic nervous system

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11
Q

involuntary nervous system
— regulates events that are involuntary (no conscious
control), activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
glands.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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12
Q

two parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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13
Q

keeps the CNS constantly informed of events going on both
inside and outside the body.

A

Sensory Division

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14
Q

delivering impulses from the skin,
skeletal muscles, and joints.

A

somatic sensory fibers

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15
Q

transmitting impulses from the
visceral organs.

A

Visceral sensory fibers

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16
Q

Afferent=
Soma =
Sensory =

A

to go forward
body
afferent

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17
Q

nervous tissue is made up of two principal types of cells

A

supportying cells & neurons

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18
Q

—supporting cells in the CNS are “lumped together”.
— “nerve glue”
— also called glial or glia.

A

Neuroglia

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19
Q

: abundant star-shaped cells that
form barrier between cappilaries and neurons
control the chem environment in brain

A

Astrocytes

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20
Q

spiderlike phagocytes
— monitor health of nearby neuron
— dispose debris, such as brain cells and bacteria

A

Microglia

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21
Q

neuroglia that wrap their flat extensions
(processes) tightly around CNS nerve fibers,
producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin
sheaths.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

form the myelin sheaths around
nerve fibers in the PNS.

A

Schwann cells

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23
Q

act as protective, cushioning cells for
peripheral neuron cell bodies.

A

Satellite cells

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24
Q

neuroglia that line he central cavities of the
brain and spinal cord.

A

Ependymal cells

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25
Q

also called “nerve cells”
— are highly specialized to transmit messages
(nerve impulses) from one part of the body to
another.

A

Neurons

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26
Q

is the metabolic center of the neuron.

A

Cell body

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27
Q

intermediate filaments that are important in
maintaining cell shape) are particularly abundant
in the cell body.

A

Nissl bodies & neurofibrils

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28
Q

armlike processes, or fibers, vary in length from
microscopic to over 3 feet long, reaching from the
lumbar region of the spine to the great toe.

A

Processes

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29
Q

convey incoming messages (electrical signals)
toward the cell body.

A

DeNdrites

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30
Q

generate nerve impulses and typically conduct
them away from the cell body

A

Axons

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31
Q

protects and insulates the fibers and increases the
speed of nerve impulse transmission.

A

Myelin sheats

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32
Q

long nerve fibers that are covered with a whitish,
fatty material.

A

Myelin

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33
Q

each neuron has only one axon, which arises from
a conelike region of the cell body.

A

Axon Hillock

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34
Q

terminal end
— contain hundreds of tiny vesicles, or membranous
sacs.

A

Axon terminals

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35
Q

tiny gap that separates the next neuron or its
targets.

A

Synaptic cleft

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36
Q

functional junction, where an impulse is
transmitted from one neuron to another.

A

Synapse

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37
Q

The Schwann cell cytoplasm and exposed membrane
are referred to as the

A

Neurilemma

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38
Q

consist of dense collections of myelinated fibers
(tracts).

A

White matter

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39
Q

contains mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell
bodies.

A

Gray matter

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40
Q

gradually destroys
the myelin sheaths around CNS fibers by converting
them to hardened sheaths called scleroses.

A

Multiple sclerosis

41
Q

Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors
(in the internal organs or the skin) to the CNS. ; keep us informed about what is happening insisde and outside the body

A

Sensory Neurons

42
Q

activated by specific changes occurring nearby.

A

Receptors

43
Q

simpler types of sensory receptors in the skin

A

Cutaneous sense organ

44
Q

small collections of cell bodies.
— are found in a few sites outside the CNS in the PNS.

A

Ganglia

45
Q

bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running
through the CNS.

A

Tract

46
Q

receptors in the muscles and tendons
— the least specialized of the cutaneous receptors.

A

Proprioceptors

47
Q

several neuron

A

Multipolar neuron

48
Q

neurons w 2 processes 1 axon 1 dendrite ; act as receptor cells in sensory processing

A

Bipolar neuron

49
Q

have a single process emerging from the cell body.
— unique in that only the small branches at the end
of the peripheral process are dendrites.

A

Unipolar neurons

50
Q

carries impulses from the CNS to the viscera
and/or muscles and glands.

A

Motor neurons

51
Q

— connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural
pathways.
— their cell bodies are typically located in the CNS.

A

Interneurons

52
Q

2 MAJOR FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONS

A

IRRITABILITY & CONDUCTIVITY

53
Q

the ability to respond to a
stimulus by producing a nerve impulse.

A

Irritability

54
Q

ability to transmit the impulse
to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

A

Conductivity

55
Q

are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli.

A

Reflexes

56
Q

reflexes that occur over neural pathways.

A

Reflex arcs

57
Q

— stimulate the skeletal muscles.
— involuntary reflexes even though skeletal muscle normally is
under voluntary control.

A

Somatic reflexes

58
Q

regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and
glands.
— Secretion of saliva and changes in the size of eye pupils.
— regulate such body functions as digestion, elimination, blood
pressure, and sweating.

A

Autonomic reflexes

59
Q

withdrawal, reflex is a three-neuron reflex arc in which the limb is
withdrawn from a painful stimulus.

A

The flexor

60
Q

—most superior part of the brain.
—covers and obscures most of the brain stem.

A

Cerebrum

61
Q

responsible for: speech
memory
logical responses
consciousness
sensation interpretation
voluntary movement
; PARIETAL LOBE

A

Cerebral cortex

62
Q

allows you to recognize pain, differences in temp / light touch

allow to consciously move our skeletal muscles ; face, mouth & hands

A

primary somatic sensory area

Primary motor area

63
Q

entire surface of the cerebrum exhibits
elevated ridges of tissue

A

Gyri

64
Q

cerebral hemispheres are
separated by a single deep fissure,

A

Longitudinal fissure

65
Q

an interbrain atop the brain,
consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and
epithalamus.

A

Diencephalon

66
Q

relays sensory impulses to
the sensory cortex, where neurons localize and
interpret sensations, involved in memory

A

thalamus

67
Q

Provides “instructions” to cerebral motor cortex and
subcortical motor centers, resulting in smooth,
coordinated skeletal muscle movements
Responsible for proper balance and posture

A

Cerebellum

68
Q

a crucial autonomic center responsible for
regulating body temperature, water balance, and
metabolism.

A

Hypothalamus

69
Q

the center for emotions like thirst, appetite, sex,
pain, and pleasure.
— regulates the pituitary gland, producing two
hormones.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

70
Q

forms the roof of the third ventricle,
includes the pineal gland and the choroid plexus.

A

Epithalamus

71
Q

a large
fiber tract that allows the cerebral hemispheres to
communicate, connecting areas within a hemisphere and
lower CNS centers.

A

Corpus callosum

72
Q

a tiny canal that travels through
the midbrain,

A

Cerebral aqueduct

73
Q

regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying
instructions sent to skeletal muscles by the primary
motor cortex, with a tight band of projection fibers.

A

Basal nuclei

74
Q

Mediates emotional response; involved in memory
processing

A

Limbic system

75
Q

forms the outermost covering of the
brain

A

meningeal layer

76
Q

typically diagnosed by examining cerebrospinal fluid
from the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal
cord.

A

Meningitis

77
Q

Contains visual and auditory reflex centers

A

Midbrain

78
Q

Cooperates with the medullary centers to control
respiratory rate and depth

A

Pons

79
Q

Contains nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel
diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, etc. ; most inferior

A

Medulla oblongata

80
Q

a fluid formed from blood, forms a protective
cushion around the brain and spinal cord, preventing
damage from trauma.

A

Cerebrospinal FLUID

81
Q

-Head trauma can cause bleeding from ruptured
vessels or cerebral edema
— causing neurological deterioration.

A

Cranial hemorrhage

82
Q

are the second leading cause of
death and disability worldwide.
— occur when blood circulation to a brain area is
blocked, leading to vital brain tissue dying.

A

BRAIN INJURIES (CVA’S)

83
Q

keeps neurons separated from blood borne substances. metabolic wastes like
urea, toxins, proteins, and drugs are prevented from
entering brain tissue.

A

Blood brain Barrier

84
Q

resembling a
butterfly, contains neurons with specific functions,

A

gray matter of spinal cord

85
Q

consists of
myelinated fiber tracts, some running to higher centers,
some from the brain, and some conducting impulses.

A

White matter of spinal cord

86
Q

a delicate connective tissue sheath.;
coarser connective tissue wrapping.

A

Endoneurium & perineurium

87
Q

neurons of the cranial region send their axons
out in cranial nerves to serve the head and neck
organs.

A

Parasympathetic dvision / craniosacral division

88
Q

ALLOWS US TO UNWIND AND CONSERVE ENERGY

A

parasymphathetic division

89
Q

mobilizes the body during extreme situations (such as
fear, exercise, or rage)

A

Symphatetic division

90
Q

— Its activity is evident when we are excited or find
ourselves in emergency or threatening situations.
Example: being freightenedy a stranger at night.

A

Sympathetic division / thoracolumbular

91
Q

sometimes called the “rest-and-digest” system.
— is most active when the body is at rest and not
threatened in any way.

A

parasympathetic division

92
Q

specialized cortical area involve in speaking

A

Brocas area

93
Q

area: intellectual reasoiniing & social behaviour

A

Anterior association area

94
Q

are: role in recognizing patterns and faces

A

Posterior association area

95
Q

reticular activating system

A

role in conciousness/ sleep cycle

96
Q

provides 2 way conduction of the brain stem

A

spinal chord

97
Q

collection of spinal nerves

A

cauda equina

98
Q

serve motor and sensory needs of the limbs

A

plexuses

ANAPHY (26 decks)

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