CELLS AND ORGANELLES Flashcards
barrier that contains cell contents and separates them from surrounding environment
plasma membrane
plasma membrane contains: 2
phospholipid layers
polar heads of phospholipid molecules are
hydrophilic “water loving”
stabilizes membrane and keeps it flexible
cholesterol
makes plasma membrane impermeable
hydrophobic
determines blood type, receptors to bacteria, viruses and cell to cell recognition
glycoproteins
(junctions) plasma membranes fuse together to prevent substances passing
tight junctions
prevent muscle and skin (mechanical stress cells)cells from being pulled apart ; connected by protein filamentss
desmosomes
junctions found in the heart and between embryonic cells
Gap junctions
connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins calles
connexons
3 regions of nucleus
nuclear envelop, nucleolus & chromatin
sites where ribosomes are assembled
nucleoli
actual sites of protein synthesis
ribosome
loose network of beeds
chromatin
formed from chromatin threading coil
chromosomes
factory floor of cell
cytoplasm
3 components of cytoplasm
cytosol, inclusions & organelles
semitransparent fluid that suspends other elements
cytosol
stored nutrients floating in cytosol
inclusions
metabolic machinery of cell
organelles
cells that use huge amounts of atp
liver and muscle cells
mini circulatory system for cells
endoplasmic reticulum
er carries substances primarily
proteins
carry substances around the cell
transport vesicleS
abundant in cells that synthesize and secrete proteins
Rough er
functions in lipid metabolism, cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis and breakdown and detoxification of drugs
Smooth er
cells that are full of smooth er
Liver cells
major function is to modify, package and ship proteins via transport vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus pinches off sacs containing _ &_
proteins and phospholipid layers
contains powerful digestive enzymes
lysosomes
abundant in white blood cells called phagocytes
lysosomes
contains powerful oxidase enzymes
peroxisomes
peroxisomes use ___ to detoxify harmful and poisonous substances
molecular oxygen (O2)
damages proteins and nucleic acids (reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons)
Free radicals
converts hydrogen peroxide to water
catalase
peroxisomes are numerous in
liver & kidney cells
cytoskeleton is made out of
microfilaments, microtubules & intermediate filaments
cell motility and cell shape
microfilaments
made of fibrous subunits; form desmosomes resist pull forces on cells
intermediate filaments
subunits of protein tubulin; determines overall shape and distribution of organelles
microtubules
Generates microtubules & directing formation of mitotic spindle during cell division : rodshaped bodies
Centriole
move substances along cell
Cilia
when centrioles multiply and line up beneath the plasma membrane it creates___
cilia
ex of flagella
sperm
microvilli are found on surfaces of cells active in____
absorption ; intestinal and kidney tubules
Cells that connect body parts
Fibroblast
Erythrocyte
Cells that cover and line body organs
Epithelial cell
Cells that move organs and body parts
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle cells
Cells that store nutrients
Fat cells
Cells that fight disease
White blood cells
has abundant rough er and large golgi apparatus; secrete protein building blocks
Fibroblasts
hays oxygen carrying pigment
erythrocytes
has abundant intermediate filaments that resist tearing when epithelium is pulled
epithelial cell
macrophage extends __ to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites
pseudopods
propels sperm
flagellum
substances are transported across cell membrane without any energy input
passive process
cells provide atp that drives transport process
active process
passive process example
diffusion , filtration
process where molecules move away from areas where they are numerous to areas where they are fewer
Diffusion
molecules will diffuse through plasma membrane if
molecules are small enough, lipid soluble and assisted by membrane carrier
unassisted diffusion
simple diffusion
‘simple diffusion solutes (lipid soluble) example
fats, fat soluble vitamins, oxygen and carbon oxygen
Diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane is called
osmosis
these substance uses facilitated diffusion
glucose
provides passage for substances that are too large
Facilitated diffusion
facilitated diffusion uses ___ that acts as carriers to move glucose or other membranes without requiring atp
membrane protein
process where hydrostatic pressure is used through a membrane
Filtration
2 most important active processes
Active & Vesicular Transport
active transport is also called
solute pumping
Requires protein carriers & uses atp to energize protein carriers / solute pumps
Active transport
amino acids, sugars, ions are transported by
solute pumps
process is necessary for normal transmission of nerve impulse
Sodium potassium pump
fuses or separate membrane vesicles into or out of cells (uses atp)
Vesicular Transport
2 types of vesicular transport
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
mechanism cells use to secrete hormones, mucus to eject cellular waste
exocytosis
includes atp requiring processes that take up extracellular substances by enclosing them in a vesicle
endocytosis
cell eating; protect body from bacteria
Phagocytosis
cell drinking; cell gulps fluid
Pinocytosis
important in cells that functions as absorption
Pinocytosis
where cell grows & carries its metabolic activities; metabolic phase; long phase; cell is active
Interphase
Occurs towards the end of interphase
DNA replication
division of nucleus
Mitosis
division of cytoplasm ; begins when mitosis is nearly completed
Cytokinesis
when chromatin threads coil for chromosomes to be visible
Prophase
by the end of prophase, the ____&____ are broken down
nuclear envelope and nucleoli
chromosomes line up at the center of the spindle midway; straight line of chromosomes is seen
Metaphase
Centromeres split; chromosomes split apart
Anaphase
Uncoiling to become chromatid again
Telophase
DNA segment carries info for 1 protein
Gene
when mrna is made using the info of dna
Transcription
info carried by mRNA molecules is decoded and translated from nucleic acids to proteins
Translation
Conrad is in a relationship with
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