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Medical Terminology 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.

A

acetylcholine

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2
Q

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).

A

afferent nerve

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3
Q

Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

A

arachnoid membrane

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4
Q

Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries in the nervous system.

A

astrocyte

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5
Q

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Microscopic fiber that is part of a neuron and carries nervous impulse along a nerve cell.

A

axon

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7
Q

Protective separation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain.

A

blood-brain barrier

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8
Q

Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

A

brainstem

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9
Q

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.

A

cauda equina

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10
Q

Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.

A

cell body

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11
Q

Brain and spinal cord.

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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12
Q

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

A

cerebellum

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13
Q

Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets is nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.

A

cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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15
Q

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

A

cerebrum

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16
Q

Nerves carry messages to and from the brain to all parts of head and neck and also (in the case of the vagus nerve) to other parts of the body. There are 12 pairs.

A

cranial nerves

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17
Q

Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse.

A

dendrite

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18
Q

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. Latin for “hard mother.”

A

dura mater

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19
Q

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

A

efferent nerve

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20
Q

Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.

A

ependymal cell

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21
Q

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

A

ganglion (plural ganglia)

22
Q

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons.

A

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

23
Q

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge in the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.

A

gyrus (plural gyri)

24
Q

Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.

A

medulla oblongata

26
Q

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

A

meninges

27
Q

Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.

A

microglial cell

28
Q

Uppermost portion of the brainstem.

A

midbrain

29
Q

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs; efferent nerve.

A

motor nerve

30
Q

Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Speeds impulse conduction along axons.

A

myelin sheath

31
Q

Macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons) that carry electrical impulses.

A

nerve

32
Q

Nerve cell that is necessary for impulses to be carried throughout the nervous system; parenchyma of the nervous system.

A

neuron

33
Q

Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cells muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

A

neurotransmitter

34
Q

Glial cell that forms the melin sheath covering axons.

A

oligodendroglial cell (oligodendrocyte)

35
Q

Involuntary autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

parasympathetic nerves

36
Q

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.

A

peripheral nervous system

37
Q

Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges.

A

pia mater

38
Q

Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial.

A

plexus (plexuses)

39
Q

Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.

A

pons

40
Q

Organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to sensory nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds.

A

receptor

41
Q

Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.

A

sciatic nerve

42
Q

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve.

A

sensory nerve

43
Q

Pairs of nerves, arising one on each side of the spinal column. They transmit messages to and from the spinal cord.

A

spinal nerves

44
Q

Agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response. It may be light, sound, touch, pressure, or pain.

A

stimulus (plural stimuli)

45
Q

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.

A

sulcus (plural sulci)

46
Q

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.

A

sympathetic nerves

47
Q

Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.

A

synspse

48
Q

Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are related through it to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.

A

thalamus

49
Q

Tenth cranial nerves (cranial nerve X). Its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.

A

vagus nerve

50
Q

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

A

ventricles of the brain

Medical Terminology 1 (23 decks)

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