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Medical Terminology 1 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the blood stream.

A

absorption

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2
Q

Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested.

A

amino acids

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3
Q

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch.

A

amylase

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4
Q

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

A

anus

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5
Q

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). It literally means “hanging onto.” Has no clear function.

A

appendix

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6
Q

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. It was originally called gall. It is composed of _____ pigments, cholesterol, and _____ salts.

A

bile

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7
Q

Pigment released by the liver in bile.

A

bilirubin

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8
Q

Intestine.

A

bowel

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9
Q

Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth.

A

canine teeth

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10
Q

First part of the large intestine.

A

cecum

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11
Q

Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments.

A

colon

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12
Q

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.

A

common bile duct

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13
Q

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.

A

defecation

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14
Q

Swallowing.

A

deglutition

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15
Q

Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

A

dentin

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16
Q

Breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms.

A

digestion

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17
Q

First part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den = 10; it measures 12 inches long.

A

duodenum

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18
Q

Removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces.

A

elimination

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19
Q

Breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. This increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.

A

emulsification

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20
Q

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

A

enamel

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21
Q

Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. In digestion, they break down complex foods to simpler substances. Given names that end in -ase.

A

enzyme

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22
Q

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

A

esophagus

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23
Q

Substances produced when fats are digested.

A

fatty acids

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24
Q

Solid wastes; stool.

A

feces

25
Q

Small sac under the liver which stores bile.

A

gallbladder

26
Q

Simple sugar.

A

glucose

27
Q

Starch. Glucose is stored in the form of _____ in liver cells.

A

glycogen

28
Q

Substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach. Aids digestion.

A

hydrochloric acid

29
Q

Third part of the small intestine from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted.

A

ileum

30
Q

Any one of the four front teeth in the dental arch.

A

incisor

31
Q

Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It helps transport sugar into body cells.

A

insulin

32
Q

Second part of the small intestine. Comes from the Latin word for empty, as it was always empty when a body was examined after death.

A

jejunum

33
Q

Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.

A

lipase

34
Q

Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. Secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins, produces blood proteins, destroys worn-out red blood cells, and filters it toxins. An adult one weighs about 2-1/2 to 3 pounds.

A

liver

35
Q

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called the cardiac sphincter.

A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

36
Q

Chewing.

A

mastication

37
Q

Three large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, on either side of the dental arch.

A

molar teeth

38
Q

Two teeth before the molars.

A

premolar teeth

39
Q

Roof of the mouth. Both hard (anterior, supported by the jawbone) and soft (posterior, fleshy, between the mouth and throat).

A

palate

40
Q

Organ behind the stomach. Produces insulin and enzymes.

A

pancreas

41
Q

Small projections on the tongue. Taste buds are located within them.

A

papillae

42
Q

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.

A

parotid gland

43
Q

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. In the gastrointestinal tract, it moves the contents through at different rates: stomach, 0.5 to 2 hours; small intestine, 2 to 6 hours; and colon, 6 to 72 hours.

A

peristalsis

44
Q

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.

A

pharynx

45
Q

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.

A

portal vein

46
Q

Enzyme that suggests protein.

A

protease

47
Q

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

A

pulo

48
Q

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.

A

pyloric sphincter

49
Q

Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.

A

pylorus

50
Q

Last section of the large intestine, connecting to the end of the colon and the anus.

A

rectum

51
Q

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

A

rugae

52
Q

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar.

A

saliva

53
Q

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.

A

salivary glands

54
Q

Lower, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.

A

sigmoid colon

55
Q

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.

A

sphincter

56
Q

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. Has three parts: fundus, body, and antrum.

A

stomach

57
Q

Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. A subgroup of lipids.

A

triglycerides

58
Q

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.

A

uvula

59
Q

Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

A

villi (singular, villus)

Medical Terminology 1 (23 decks)

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