Nervous Sys Review Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Sensory input
  2. integration
  3. motor output
A

functions of the nervous system

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2
Q

Info gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

A

sensory input

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3
Q

interpretation of sensory input

A

integration

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4
Q

activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

A

motor output

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5
Q

this system includes: brain and spinal cord, integration and command center

A

Central Nervous System

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6
Q

paired spinal and cranial nerves carrying msgs to and from the CNS

A

PNS : peripheral nervous system

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7
Q
  1. sensory_(afferent) division
  • Somatic afferent fibers—convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
  • Visceral afferent fibers—convey impulses from visceral organs
  1. motor_(efferent) division
    * Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs
A

2 functional divisions of the PNS

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8
Q
  1. Somatic (voluntary ) nervous system
    * Conscious control of skeletal muscles
  2. Autonomic (_involuntary ) nervous system (ANS)
  • Visceral motor nerve fibers
  • Regulates smooth muscle , cardiac muscle, and glands
  • Two functional subdivisions
    • sympathetic
    • parasympathetic
A

motor divison of PNS

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9
Q
  1. neurons- excitable cells that transmit signals
  2. neuroglia- supporting cells
  • astrocytes (CNS)
  • microglia (cNS)
  • ependymal (CNS)
  • oligodendrocytes(CNS)
  • satellite cells (PNS)
  • schwann cells (PNS)
A

2 principal cell types

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10
Q
  • Most abundant , versatile , and highly branched glial cells
  • Cling to neurons , synaptic endings, and capillaries
  • Support and brace neurons
  • Help determine capillary permeability
  • Guide migration of young neurons
  • Control the chemical environment
  • Participate in information processing in the brain
A

astrocytes

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11
Q
  • Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes
  • Migrate toward injured neurons
  • Phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris
A

microglia

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12
Q
  • Range in shape from squamous to columnar **
  • May be ciliated
  • Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column
  • Separate the CNS interstitial fluid from the cerebrospinal fluid in the cavities
A

ependymal cells

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13
Q
  • Branched cells
  • processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths
A

oligodendrocytes

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14
Q
  • surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS
A

satellite cells

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15
Q
  • Surround peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths
  • Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers
A

schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

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16
Q
  • Electrical signaling
  • Cell-to-cell interactions during development
A

plasma membrane functions of neurons

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17
Q
  • biosynthetic center of a neuron
  • Spherical nucleus with nucleolus
  • Well-developed golgi_ apparatus
  • rough ER called nissl bodies (chromatophilic substance)
  • axon hillock
  • clusters of cell bodies are called nuclei in the CNS, ganglia in the Pns
A

cell body (soma)

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18
Q

cone shaped area from which axon arises

A

axon hillock

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19
Q
  • tracts in the CNS
  • nerves in the CNS
A

these are bundles of processes

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20
Q
  • Short, tapering, and diffusely branched
  • receptive(input) region of a neuron
  • Convey electrical signals toward the cell body as graded potentials
A

dendrites

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21
Q
  • long axon - nerve fibers
  • occasional branches -axon callaterals
  • numerous terminal branches - telodendria
  • knoblike axon terminals - synaptic knobs or boutons
    • secretory region of neuron
    • release neurotransmitters to excite or inhibit other cells
A

the axon

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22
Q
  • conducting region of neuron
  • generates and transmits nerve iimpulses(action potentials) away from the cell body
A

axons functions

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23
Q

molecules and organells are moved along axons by motor molecules in 2 directions :

A
  • anterograde- toward axonal terminal
    • ex.mitochondria, membrane components, enzymes
  • retrograde- toward cell body
    • ex. organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, viruses, adn bacterial toxins
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24
Q

segmented protien lipoid sheath around most long diameter axons functioning to

  • protect/insulate the axon
  • increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
A

myelin sheath

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25
peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm
neurilemma
26
* myellin sheath gaps between adjacent Schwann cells * Sites where axon collaterals can emerge
nodes of ranvier
27
* Formed by processes of oligodendrocytes , not the whole cells * Nodes of ranvier are present * No neurilemma * Thinnest fibers are unmyelinated
myelin sheaths in CNS
28
* schwann cells * neurilemma * nodes of ranvier
myelin sheaths in PNS
29
Dense collections of myelinated fibers
white matter
30
Mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
gray matter
31
3 types of structural classifcation of neurons
1. multipolar 2. bipolar 3. unipolar (pseudounipolar)
32
* 1 axon and several dendrites * most abundant * motor neurons and interneurons
multipolar neuron
33
* 1 axon and 1 dendrite * rare retinal neurons
bipolar neurons
34
* single, short process that has two branches: * peripheral process—more distal branch, often associated with a sensory receptor * Central process—branch entering the CNS
unipolar (pseudounipolar)
35
1. sensory (afferent) -transmits impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS 2. motor(efferent)- carry impulses from the CNS to effectors 3. interneurous(association)- shuttle signals thru CNS pathways
functional classifications of neurons
36
* NUERONS are highly irritable * Respond to adequate stimulus by generating an action potential (nerve impulse; traveling action potential) * Impulse is always the same REGARDLESS of stimulus
neuron function
37
Proteins serve as membrane ion channels Two main types of ion channels: 1. leakage(nongated) channels—always open 2. Gated channels (three types): * Chemically gated (ligand-gated) channels—open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter * Voltage-gated channels—open and close in response to changes in membrane potential * Mechanically gated channels—open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors
role of membrane ion channels
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_changes when: * Concentrations of ions across the membrane change * Permeability of membrane to ions changes
membrane potential
39
changes in emmebrane potential are signals used to receive, integrate, and send info * 2 types of signals are:
1. graded potentials -incoming short distance signals 2. action potentials- long distance signals of axons
40
\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_are classified according to: * Diameter * Degree of myelination * speed of conduction
nerve fibers
41
Group _____ fibers Large diameter, myelinated somatic sensory and motor fibers Group ____ fibers Intermediate diameter, lightly myelinated ANS fibers Group ____ fibers Smallest diameter,unmyelinated ANS fibers
A, B, C
42
a junction that mediates info transfer from one neuron to another or to an effector cell * presynaptic neuron—conducts impulses toward the synapse * postsynaptic neuron—transmits impulses away from the synapse
the synapse
43
* Axodendritic—between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another * Axosomatic—between the axo\_ of one neuron and the soma of another Less common types: * axoaxonic(axon to axon) * Dendrodendritic (dendrite to dendrite) * dendrosomatic\_(dendrite to soma)
types of synapses
44
electrical synapses are less cmmon than chemical * neurons are electrically couple joined by gap junctions * communication is very rapid whetierh uni/bidirectional * important in embryonic nervous tissue and some brain regions chemical synapses sepcialized for release and reception of neurotransmitters and composed of * presnpatic terminal of the presynaptic neurons containing synatpic vesicles * postsynaptic region on the postynaptic neuron
difference between electrical and chemical synapses
45
* fluid filled space separating the presynaptic and postysynaptic neurons * prevents nerve impulses from direectly passing form 1 neuron to the next
synaptic cleft
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is terminated by * degradation by enzymes * reuptake by astrocytes or axon terminal * Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter effect
47
The rate-limiting step of neural transmission--neurotransmitter must be released, diffuse across the synapse, and bind to receptors (0.3-5.0ms)
synaptic delay
48
* Most neurons make two or more neurotransmitters, which are released at different stimulation frequencies * 50 or more neurotransmitters have been identified * Classified by chemical structure and by function
neurotransmitters
49
* Released at neuromuscular junctions and some ANS neurons * Synthesized by enzyme choline acetyaltransferase * degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
acetycholine
50
* 3 to 40 amino acids * Present in CNS and PNS; some function as hormones * Excitatory and inhibitory; depending on receptor * enkphalins, endorphins, dynorphins , substance P * opioid peptides= thought to be natural painkillers
neuropeptides
51
\_\_\_ ____ \_\_\_\_ systems are known to play an important role in motivation , emotion, attachment behavior , response to stress and pain , and the control of food intake.
brain opioid peptide
52
* Catecholamines * Dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine * indolamines * Serotonin and histamine * Broadly distributed in the brain * Play roles in emotional behaviors and the biological clock
biogenic amines include:
53
* GABA—Gamma ()-aminobutyric acid * glycine * aspartate * Glutamate
amino acids
54
* substance P * Mediator of pain signals * endorphins * Act as natural opiates ; reduce pain perception * Gut-brain peptides * Somatostatin and cholecystokinin
peptides (neuropeptides)
55
* Act in both the CNS and PNS * produce fast or slow responses * induce Ca2+ influx in astrocytes * Provoke pain sensation
purines such as ATP
56
* nitric oxide (NO) * Synthesized on demand * activates the intracellular receptor guanylyl cyclase to cyclic GMP * Involved in learning and memory * carbon\_ monoxide (CO) is a regulator of cGMP in the brain
gases and lipids
57
* lipid soluble; synthesized on demand from membrane lipids * Bind with G protein–coupled receptors in the brain * Involved in learning and memory
endocannabinoids
58
* neurotransmitter effects may be excitatory(depolarizing) and or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) * determined by receptor type of postsynaptic neuron * gaba and glycine uaually inhibitory
functional classification of neurotransmitters
59
* Excitatory at neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle * Inhibitory in cardiac muscle
acetylcholine
60
1. action potential arrives at axon terminal 2. voltagegated Ca channels opena dn Ca enters the axon terminal 3. Ca entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter by exocytosis 4. neurotransmitter diffuses across teh synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 5. binding of neurtransmitter opens ion channels resultin graded potentials 6. neurotramitter effects are terminated by reuptake thru transport proteins; enzymatic degradation or diffusion away from the synapse
info transfer across chemical synapses
61
1. Cerebral hemispheres 2. Diencephalon (epithalamus , thalamus, hypothalamus ) 3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) 4. cerebellum
adult brain regions
62
* Similar pattern with additional areas of gray matter * Nuclei in cerebellum and cerebrum * Cortex of cerebellum and cerebrum
brain
63
* central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core * External white white composed of myelinated fiber tracts
spinal cord
64
* connected to one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord * Lined by ependymal cells * contain cerebralspinal fluid * 2 c shaped lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres * 3rd ventricle in diencephalon * 4th ventricle
ventricles in brain
65
Ridges (gyri), shallow grooves (sulci), and deep grooves (fissures)
surface markings of cerebral hemispheres
66
Separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcenral gyrus of the parietal lobe
central sulcus
67
* 40% of the mass of the brain * Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter * Each hemisphere connects to contrallateral side of the body * Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding
cerebral cortex
68
* motor areas—control voluntary movement * sensory areas—conscious awareness of sensation * Association areas—integrate diverse information * conscious behavior involves entire cortex
functional areas of cerebral cortex
69
* Primary (somatic) motor cortex * Premotor cortex * Broca’s area * frontal eye field
motor areas of cerebral cortex
70
* Large pyramidal cells of the precentral gyri * Long axons -\> pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts * Allows conscious control of precise, skilled , voluntary movements * Motor humunculus : upside-down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions
primary motor cortex
71
* In the postcentral gyri * Receives visual information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints * Capable of spatial discrimination : identity of body region being stimulated
primary somatosensory cortex
72
* Primary visual (striate) cortex * Extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe * Most of it is buried in the calcarine sulcus * Primary visual cortex from the retina
visual areas
73
* surrounds the primary visual cortex * Uses past visual experience to interpret visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement) * Complex processing involves entire posterior half of the hemisphere
visual association area
74
gustatory cortex
region involved in percieing taste stimuli located in the insula just deep to the temporal lobe
75
visceral sensory area
posterior to gustatory cortex ; involved in conscious perception of visceral sensations like full bladder, upset stomach
76
system of peripheral nerves that regulate cardiac and smooth muscle and secretion by the glands
ANS
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_ regulates activity by controlling the activity of centers in the brain stem and spinal cord, influencing blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, eye pupil size, and others
hypothalamus
78
* Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle * extends from poterior border and visible externally is pineal gland and secretes melatonin a
epithalamus
79
* Similar structure to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei * Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival * Contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers * Associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves
brain stem
80
* Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle * Fibers of the pons * Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord * Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum * Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal ), VI (abducens), and VII (vestibulocochlear ) * Some nuclei of the reticular formation * Nuclei that help maintain normal rhythym of breakting
pons
81
* Joins spinal cord at foreman magnum * Forms part of the ventral wall of the 4th ventricle * Contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle * Pyramids—two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts * Decussation of the pyramids—crossover of the corticospinal tracts * associated with cranial nerves VII, X, XII
medulla oblongata
82
* autonomic reflex center maintiaing homeostasis * functional groups such as cardiovascular , respiratory centers, and other centers regulating vomiting, hiccuping swallowing, coughing and sneezing
medulla oblongata functions
83
* 11% of brain mass * Dorsal to the pons and medulla * provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction * Two hemispheres connected by vermis * Folia—transversely oriented gyri * Arbor vitae—distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter
cerebellum
84
* Cerebellum receives impulses from the cerebral cortex of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction * Signals from proprioceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways continuously “inform” the cerebellum of the body’s position and momentum * Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate a muscle contraction * A “blueprint” of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex and to brain stem nuclei
cerebella processing for motor activity
85
* Recognizes and predicts sequences of events during complex movements * Plays a role in nonmotor functions such as word association and puzzle solving
cognitive function of the cerebellum
86
networks of neurons that work together and span wide areas of the brain * limbic system * reticular system
brain systems
87
* Structures on the medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon * encircles brain stem
limbic system
88
recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear response
amygdala
89
* Records electrical activity that accompanies brain function * Measures electrical potential differences between various cortical areas
electroencephalogram (EEG)
90
* Patterns of neuronal electrical activity * Generated by synaptic activity in the cortex * Each person’s brain waves are unique * Can be grouped into four classes based on frequency measured as Hertz (Hz)
brain waves
91
State of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation
sleep
92
* Cover and protect the CNS * Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses * Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * form partitions in the skull
meninges
93
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
meninge layers
94
* strongest meninx * 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue (around the brain) to separate to form venous sinuses
dura mater
95
* Middle layer with spiderweb like extensions * Separated from the dura mater by the subdural space * subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood vessels * arachnoid villi protrude into the superior sagittal sinus and permit CSF reabsorption
arachnoid mater
96
fold dippin into the longitudinal fissure btwn the cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
97
small midline partition runnning along the vermis of the cerebellum
falx cerebllii
98
horizontal dural fold over cerebellum and in the transverse fissure
tentorium cerebelli
99
Layer of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain
pia mater
100
1. choroid plexus of each ventricle produces CSF 2. CSF flows thru the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures 3. CSF flows thru the subarachnoid space 4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi
formation, location and circulation of CSF
101
* hangs from the roof of each ventricle * clusters of capillaries enclosed by pia mater and a layer of ependymal cells
choroid plexus
102
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is sensory ; as _______ is to motor
ascending; descending
103
gray commissure encloses the ___ \_\_\_
central canal in spnal cord
104
ventral horns mainly house cell bodies of somatic mortor neurons that send their axons out to the skeletal muscles via the ventral rootlets that fuse together to become the ___ \_\_\_
ventral roots
105
afferent fibers carrying impulses from peripheral sensory receptor form the ___ \_\_\_\_ of th espinal cord that fan out as dorsal rootlets
dorsal roots
106
cell bodies of the associated sensory neurons are found in an enlarged region of the dorsal root called the ___ \_\_\_ \_\_-
dorsal root ganglion
107
spinal gray matter has the following 4 zones
1. somatic sensory 2. visceral sensory 3. visiceral (autonomic motor) 4. somatic motor
108
\_\_\_ is assocaited with nerves in the PNS, whereas nuclei are collections of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
ganglia
109
1. axon becomes fragmented at the injury site 2. macrophages clean out the dead axon distal to the injury 3. axon sprouts or filaments grow thru a regenration tube formed by schwann cells 4. axon regenerates a new myelin sheath forms
regeneration of a nerve fiber in a peripheral nerve
110
1. olfactory-smell 2. optic-vision 3. oculomotor- eye movement 4. trochlear- innervates extrinsic eye muscle 5. trigeminal- largest, suppulies face and motor fibers to mastication 6. abducens- extrinsic eye muscle abducts eyeball to turn laterally 7. facial- 8. vestbulocochlear- hearing and balance/auditory 9. glossopharyngeal - tongue and pharynx 10. vagus- swalllowing 11. accessory- spinal accessory nerve 12. hypoglossal- under tongue
cranial nerves
111
* 8 pairs of cervical nerves * 12 pairs of thoracic nerves * 5pairs of lumbar nerves * 5 pair of sacral nerves
spinal nerves
112
contain motor (efferent)fibers that arise from ventral horn motor neurons and extend to and innervate the skletal muscles
ventral roots
113
contain sensory (afferent) fibers that arise from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the spinal cord
dorsal roots
114
buried deep in the neck under the sternocleidomastoid muscle ; the central rami of the first 4 cervical nerves for the looping ____ \_\_\_\_
cervical plexus
115
runs inferiorly tru thorax and supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm
phrenic nerve of cerviical plexus
116
situated partly in the neck and partly in the axilla gives rise to virtually all the nerves that innervate the upper limb
brachial plexus
117
branches off the posterior cord and runs posterior to the surgical neck of the humerous
axillary nerve of brachial plexus
118
branches of the medial cord of the plexus
ulnar nerve of brachial plexus
119
arises from spinal nerves and lies within the psoas major muscle
lumbar plexus
120
largest terminal nerve of lumbar plexus running deep to the inguinal ligament to enter the thigh and then divides into large branches
femoral nerve
121
enters the medial thigh via the obturator foramen and innervate the adductor muscles
obturator nerve
122
largest branch of sacral plexus , thickest and longest nerve in body supplying lower limb
sciatic nerve
123
innervates the muscles and skin of the perineum and helps stimulatre erection and control urination
pudendal nerve
124
* mobilizes the body during activity; is the “fight-or-flight” system * Promotes adjustments during exercise, or when threatened * blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart * bronchioles dilate * Liver releases glucose
sympathetic division role of ANS
125
* Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy * Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes ,reading, after a meal * blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low * gastrointestinal\_ tract activity is high * pupils\_ are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision
parasympathetic division of ANS
126