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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous Sys Review > Flashcards

Nervous Sys Review Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Sensory input
  2. integration
  3. motor output
A

functions of the nervous system

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2
Q

Info gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

A

sensory input

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3
Q

interpretation of sensory input

A

integration

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4
Q

activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

A

motor output

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5
Q

this system includes: brain and spinal cord, integration and command center

A

Central Nervous System

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6
Q

paired spinal and cranial nerves carrying msgs to and from the CNS

A

PNS : peripheral nervous system

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7
Q
  1. sensory_(afferent) division
  • Somatic afferent fibers—convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
  • Visceral afferent fibers—convey impulses from visceral organs
  1. motor_(efferent) division
    * Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs
A

2 functional divisions of the PNS

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8
Q
  1. Somatic (voluntary ) nervous system
    * Conscious control of skeletal muscles
  2. Autonomic (_involuntary ) nervous system (ANS)
  • Visceral motor nerve fibers
  • Regulates smooth muscle , cardiac muscle, and glands
  • Two functional subdivisions
    • sympathetic
    • parasympathetic
A

motor divison of PNS

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9
Q
  1. neurons- excitable cells that transmit signals
  2. neuroglia- supporting cells
  • astrocytes (CNS)
  • microglia (cNS)
  • ependymal (CNS)
  • oligodendrocytes(CNS)
  • satellite cells (PNS)
  • schwann cells (PNS)
A

2 principal cell types

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10
Q
  • Most abundant , versatile , and highly branched glial cells
  • Cling to neurons , synaptic endings, and capillaries
  • Support and brace neurons
  • Help determine capillary permeability
  • Guide migration of young neurons
  • Control the chemical environment
  • Participate in information processing in the brain
A

astrocytes

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11
Q
  • Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes
  • Migrate toward injured neurons
  • Phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris
A

microglia

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12
Q
  • Range in shape from squamous to columnar **
  • May be ciliated
  • Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column
  • Separate the CNS interstitial fluid from the cerebrospinal fluid in the cavities
A

ependymal cells

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13
Q
  • Branched cells
  • processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths
A

oligodendrocytes

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14
Q
  • surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS
A

satellite cells

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15
Q
  • Surround peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths
  • Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers
A

schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

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16
Q
  • Electrical signaling
  • Cell-to-cell interactions during development
A

plasma membrane functions of neurons

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17
Q
  • biosynthetic center of a neuron
  • Spherical nucleus with nucleolus
  • Well-developed golgi_ apparatus
  • rough ER called nissl bodies (chromatophilic substance)
  • axon hillock
  • clusters of cell bodies are called nuclei in the CNS, ganglia in the Pns
A

cell body (soma)

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18
Q

cone shaped area from which axon arises

A

axon hillock

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19
Q
  • tracts in the CNS
  • nerves in the CNS
A

these are bundles of processes

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20
Q
  • Short, tapering, and diffusely branched
  • receptive(input) region of a neuron
  • Convey electrical signals toward the cell body as graded potentials
A

dendrites

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21
Q
  • long axon - nerve fibers
  • occasional branches -axon callaterals
  • numerous terminal branches - telodendria
  • knoblike axon terminals - synaptic knobs or boutons
    • secretory region of neuron
    • release neurotransmitters to excite or inhibit other cells
A

the axon

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22
Q
  • conducting region of neuron
  • generates and transmits nerve iimpulses(action potentials) away from the cell body
A

axons functions

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23
Q

molecules and organells are moved along axons by motor molecules in 2 directions :

A
  • anterograde- toward axonal terminal
    • ex.mitochondria, membrane components, enzymes
  • retrograde- toward cell body
    • ex. organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, viruses, adn bacterial toxins
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24
Q

segmented protien lipoid sheath around most long diameter axons functioning to

  • protect/insulate the axon
  • increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
A

myelin sheath

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25
Q

peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm

A

neurilemma

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26
Q
  • myellin sheath gaps between adjacent Schwann cells
  • Sites where axon collaterals can emerge
A

nodes of ranvier

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27
Q
  • Formed by processes of oligodendrocytes , not the whole cells
  • Nodes of ranvier are present
  • No neurilemma
  • Thinnest fibers are unmyelinated
A

myelin sheaths in CNS

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28
Q
  • schwann cells
  • neurilemma
  • nodes of ranvier
A

myelin sheaths in PNS

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29
Q

Dense collections of myelinated fibers

A

white matter

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30
Q

Mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

A

gray matter

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31
Q

3 types of structural classifcation of neurons

A
  1. multipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. unipolar (pseudounipolar)
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32
Q
  • 1 axon and several dendrites
  • most abundant
  • motor neurons and interneurons
A

multipolar neuron

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33
Q
  • 1 axon and 1 dendrite
  • rare retinal neurons
A

bipolar neurons

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34
Q
  • single, short process that has two branches:
    • peripheral process—more distal branch, often associated with a sensory receptor
    • Central process—branch entering the CNS
A

unipolar (pseudounipolar)

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35
Q
  1. sensory (afferent) -transmits impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS
  2. motor(efferent)- carry impulses from the CNS to effectors
  3. interneurous(association)- shuttle signals thru CNS pathways
A

functional classifications of neurons

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36
Q
  • NUERONS are highly irritable
  • Respond to adequate stimulus by generating an action potential (nerve impulse; traveling action potential)
  • Impulse is always the same REGARDLESS of stimulus
A

neuron function

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37
Q

Proteins serve as membrane ion channels
Two main types of ion channels:

  1. leakage(nongated) channels—always open
  2. Gated channels (three types):
  • Chemically gated (ligand-gated) channels—open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter
  • Voltage-gated channels—open and close in response to changes in membrane potential
  • Mechanically gated channels—open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors
A

role of membrane ion channels

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38
Q

______ _______changes when:

  • Concentrations of ions across the membrane change
  • Permeability of membrane to ions changes
A

membrane potential

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39
Q

changes in emmebrane potential are signals used to receive, integrate, and send info

  • 2 types of signals are:
A
  1. graded potentials -incoming short distance signals
  2. action potentials- long distance signals of axons
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40
Q

____ ____are classified according to:

  • Diameter
  • Degree of myelination
  • speed of conduction
A

nerve fibers

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41
Q

Group _____ fibers

Large diameter, myelinated somatic sensory and motor fibers

Group ____ fibers

Intermediate diameter, lightly myelinated ANS fibers

Group ____ fibers

Smallest diameter,unmyelinated ANS fibers

A

A, B, C

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42
Q

a junction that mediates info transfer from one neuron to another or to an effector cell

  • presynaptic neuron—conducts impulses toward the synapse
  • postsynaptic neuron—transmits impulses away from the synapse
A

the synapse

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43
Q
  • Axodendritic—between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another
  • Axosomatic—between the axo_ of one neuron and the soma of another

Less common types:

  • axoaxonic(axon to axon)
  • Dendrodendritic (dendrite to dendrite)
  • dendrosomatic_(dendrite to soma)
A

types of synapses

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44
Q

electrical synapses are less cmmon than chemical

  • neurons are electrically couple joined by gap junctions
  • communication is very rapid whetierh uni/bidirectional
  • important in embryonic nervous tissue and some brain regions

chemical synapses sepcialized for release and reception of neurotransmitters and composed of

  • presnpatic terminal of the presynaptic neurons containing synatpic vesicles
  • postsynaptic region on the postynaptic neuron
A

difference between electrical and chemical synapses

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45
Q
  • fluid filled space separating the presynaptic and postysynaptic neurons
  • prevents nerve impulses from direectly passing form 1 neuron to the next
A

synaptic cleft

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46
Q

________ ______ is terminated by

  • degradation by enzymes
  • reuptake by astrocytes or axon terminal
  • Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
A

neurotransmitter effect

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47
Q

The rate-limiting step of neural transmission–neurotransmitter must be released, diffuse across the synapse, and bind to receptors (0.3-5.0ms)

A

synaptic delay

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48
Q
  • Most neurons make two or more neurotransmitters, which are released at different stimulation frequencies
  • 50 or more neurotransmitters have been identified
  • Classified by chemical structure and by function
A

neurotransmitters

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49
Q
  • Released at neuromuscular junctions and some ANS neurons
  • Synthesized by enzyme choline acetyaltransferase
  • degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
A

acetycholine

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50
Q
  • 3 to 40 amino acids
  • Present in CNS and PNS; some function as hormones
  • Excitatory and inhibitory; depending on receptor
  • enkphalins, endorphins, dynorphins , substance P
  • opioid peptides= thought to be natural painkillers
A

neuropeptides

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51
Q

___ ____ ____ systems are known to play an important role in motivation , emotion, attachment behavior , response to stress and pain , and the control of food intake.

A

brain opioid peptide

52
Q
  • Catecholamines
    • Dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine
  • indolamines
    • Serotonin and histamine
  • Broadly distributed in the brain
  • Play roles in emotional behaviors and the biological clock
A

biogenic amines include:

53
Q
  • GABA—Gamma ()-aminobutyric acid
  • glycine
  • aspartate
  • Glutamate
A

amino acids

54
Q
  • substance P
    • Mediator of pain signals
  • endorphins
    • Act as natural opiates ; reduce pain perception
  • Gut-brain peptides
    • Somatostatin and cholecystokinin
A

peptides (neuropeptides)

55
Q
  • Act in both the CNS and PNS
  • produce fast or slow responses
  • induce Ca2+ influx in astrocytes
  • Provoke pain sensation
A

purines such as ATP

56
Q
  • nitric oxide (NO)
    • Synthesized on demand
    • activates the intracellular receptor guanylyl cyclase to cyclic GMP
    • Involved in learning and memory
  • carbon_ monoxide (CO) is a regulator of cGMP in the brain
A

gases and lipids

57
Q
  • lipid soluble; synthesized on demand from membrane lipids
  • Bind with G protein–coupled receptors in the brain
  • Involved in learning and memory
A

endocannabinoids

58
Q
  • neurotransmitter effects may be excitatory(depolarizing) and or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing)
  • determined by receptor type of postsynaptic neuron
  • gaba and glycine uaually inhibitory
A

functional classification of neurotransmitters

59
Q
  • Excitatory at neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle
  • Inhibitory in cardiac muscle
A

acetylcholine

60
Q
  1. action potential arrives at axon terminal
  2. voltagegated Ca channels opena dn Ca enters the axon terminal
  3. Ca entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter by exocytosis
  4. neurotransmitter diffuses across teh synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
  5. binding of neurtransmitter opens ion channels resultin graded potentials
  6. neurotramitter effects are terminated by reuptake thru transport proteins; enzymatic degradation or diffusion away from the synapse
A

info transfer across chemical synapses

61
Q
  1. Cerebral hemispheres
  2. Diencephalon (epithalamus , thalamus, hypothalamus )
  3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  4. cerebellum
A

adult brain regions

62
Q
  • Similar pattern with additional areas of gray matter
  • Nuclei in cerebellum and cerebrum
  • Cortex of cerebellum and cerebrum
A

brain

63
Q
  • central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core
  • External white white composed of myelinated fiber tracts
A

spinal cord

64
Q
  • connected to one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord
  • Lined by ependymal cells
  • contain cerebralspinal fluid
  • 2 c shaped lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres
  • 3rd ventricle in diencephalon
  • 4th ventricle
A

ventricles in brain

65
Q

Ridges (gyri),

shallow grooves (sulci),

and deep grooves (fissures)

A

surface markings of cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

Separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcenral gyrus of the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

67
Q
  • 40% of the mass of the brain
  • Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter
  • Each hemisphere connects to contrallateral side of the body
  • Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding
A

cerebral cortex

68
Q
  • motor areas—control voluntary movement
  • sensory areas—conscious awareness of sensation
  • Association areas—integrate diverse information
  • conscious behavior involves entire cortex
A

functional areas of cerebral cortex

69
Q
  • Primary (somatic) motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Broca’s area
  • frontal eye field
A

motor areas of cerebral cortex

70
Q
  • Large pyramidal cells of the precentral gyri
  • Long axons -> pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
  • Allows conscious control of precise, skilled , voluntary movements
  • Motor humunculus : upside-down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions
A

primary motor cortex

71
Q
  • In the postcentral gyri
  • Receives visual information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
  • Capable of spatial discrimination : identity of body region being stimulated
A

primary somatosensory cortex

72
Q
  • Primary visual (striate) cortex
  • Extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
  • Most of it is buried in the calcarine sulcus
  • Primary visual cortex from the retina
A

visual areas

73
Q
  • surrounds the primary visual cortex
  • Uses past visual experience to interpret visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement)
  • Complex processing involves entire posterior half of the hemisphere
A

visual association area

74
Q

gustatory cortex

A

region involved in percieing taste stimuli located in the insula just deep to the temporal lobe

75
Q

visceral sensory area

A

posterior to gustatory cortex ; involved in conscious perception of visceral sensations like full bladder, upset stomach

76
Q

system of peripheral nerves that regulate cardiac and smooth muscle and secretion by the glands

A

ANS

77
Q

______ regulates activity by controlling the activity of centers in the brain stem and spinal cord, influencing blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, eye pupil size, and others

A

hypothalamus

78
Q
  • Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle
  • extends from poterior border and visible externally is pineal gland and secretes melatonin a
A

epithalamus

79
Q
  • Similar structure to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei
  • Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
  • Contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers
  • Associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves
A

brain stem

80
Q
  • Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
  • Fibers of the pons
  • Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord
  • Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
  • Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal ), VI (abducens), and VII (vestibulocochlear )
  • Some nuclei of the reticular formation
  • Nuclei that help maintain normal rhythym of breakting
A

pons

81
Q
  • Joins spinal cord at foreman magnum
  • Forms part of the ventral wall of the 4th ventricle
  • Contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle
  • Pyramids—two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts
  • Decussation of the pyramids—crossover of the corticospinal tracts
  • associated with cranial nerves VII, X, XII
A

medulla oblongata

82
Q
  • autonomic reflex center maintiaing homeostasis
  • functional groups such as cardiovascular , respiratory centers, and other centers regulating vomiting, hiccuping swallowing, coughing and sneezing
A

medulla oblongata functions

83
Q
  • 11% of brain mass
  • Dorsal to the pons and medulla
  • provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
  • Two hemispheres connected by vermis
  • Folia—transversely oriented gyri
  • Arbor vitae—distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter
A

cerebellum

84
Q
  • Cerebellum receives impulses from the cerebral cortex of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
  • Signals from proprioceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways continuously “inform” the cerebellum of the body’s position and momentum
  • Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate a muscle contraction
  • A “blueprint” of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex and to brain stem nuclei
A

cerebella processing for motor activity

85
Q
  • Recognizes and predicts sequences of events during complex movements
  • Plays a role in nonmotor functions such as word association and puzzle solving
A

cognitive function of the cerebellum

86
Q

networks of neurons that work together and span wide areas of the brain

  • limbic system
  • reticular system
A

brain systems

87
Q
  • Structures on the medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
  • encircles brain stem
A

limbic system

88
Q

recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear response

A

amygdala

89
Q
  • Records electrical activity that accompanies brain function
  • Measures electrical potential differences between various cortical areas
A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

90
Q
  • Patterns of neuronal electrical activity
  • Generated by synaptic activity in the cortex
  • Each person’s brain waves are unique
  • Can be grouped into four classes based on frequency measured as Hertz (Hz)
A

brain waves

91
Q

State of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation

A

sleep

92
Q
  • Cover and protect the CNS
  • Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
  • Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • form partitions in the skull
A

meninges

93
Q

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

A

meninge layers

94
Q
  • strongest meninx
  • 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue (around the brain) to separate to form venous sinuses
A

dura mater

95
Q
  • Middle layer with spiderweb like extensions
  • Separated from the dura mater by the subdural space
  • subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood vessels
  • arachnoid villi protrude into the superior sagittal sinus and permit CSF reabsorption
A

arachnoid mater

96
Q

fold dippin into the longitudinal fissure btwn the cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

97
Q

small midline partition runnning along the vermis of the cerebellum

A

falx cerebllii

98
Q

horizontal dural fold over cerebellum and in the transverse fissure

A

tentorium cerebelli

99
Q

Layer of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

A

pia mater

100
Q
  1. choroid plexus of each ventricle produces CSF
  2. CSF flows thru the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures
  3. CSF flows thru the subarachnoid space
  4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi
A

formation, location and circulation of CSF

101
Q
  • hangs from the roof of each ventricle
  • clusters of capillaries enclosed by pia mater and a layer of ependymal cells
A

choroid plexus

102
Q

_______ is sensory ; as _______ is to motor

A

ascending; descending

103
Q

gray commissure encloses the ___ ___

A

central canal in spnal cord

104
Q

ventral horns mainly house cell bodies of somatic mortor neurons that send their axons out to the skeletal muscles via the ventral rootlets that fuse together to become the ___ ___

A

ventral roots

105
Q

afferent fibers carrying impulses from peripheral sensory receptor form the ___ ____ of th espinal cord that fan out as dorsal rootlets

A

dorsal roots

106
Q

cell bodies of the associated sensory neurons are found in an enlarged region of the dorsal root called the ___ ___ __-

A

dorsal root ganglion

107
Q

spinal gray matter has the following 4 zones

A
  1. somatic sensory
  2. visceral sensory
  3. visiceral (autonomic motor)
  4. somatic motor
108
Q

___ is assocaited with nerves in the PNS, whereas nuclei are collections of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

A

ganglia

109
Q
  1. axon becomes fragmented at the injury site
  2. macrophages clean out the dead axon distal to the injury
  3. axon sprouts or filaments grow thru a regenration tube formed by schwann cells
  4. axon regenerates a new myelin sheath forms
A

regeneration of a nerve fiber in a peripheral nerve

110
Q
  1. olfactory-smell
  2. optic-vision
  3. oculomotor- eye movement
  4. trochlear- innervates extrinsic eye muscle
  5. trigeminal- largest, suppulies face and motor fibers to mastication
  6. abducens- extrinsic eye muscle abducts eyeball to turn laterally
  7. facial-
  8. vestbulocochlear- hearing and balance/auditory
  9. glossopharyngeal - tongue and pharynx
  10. vagus- swalllowing
  11. accessory- spinal accessory nerve
  12. hypoglossal- under tongue
A

cranial nerves

111
Q
  • 8 pairs of cervical nerves
  • 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
  • 5pairs of lumbar nerves
  • 5 pair of sacral nerves
A

spinal nerves

112
Q

contain motor (efferent)fibers that arise from ventral horn motor neurons and extend to and innervate the skletal muscles

A

ventral roots

113
Q

contain sensory (afferent) fibers that arise from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the spinal cord

A

dorsal roots

114
Q

buried deep in the neck under the sternocleidomastoid muscle ; the central rami of the first 4 cervical nerves for the looping ____ ____

A

cervical plexus

115
Q

runs inferiorly tru thorax and supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve of cerviical plexus

116
Q

situated partly in the neck and partly in the axilla gives rise to virtually all the nerves that innervate the upper limb

A

brachial plexus

117
Q

branches off the posterior cord and runs posterior to the surgical neck of the humerous

A

axillary nerve of brachial plexus

118
Q

branches of the medial cord of the plexus

A

ulnar nerve of brachial plexus

119
Q

arises from spinal nerves and lies within the psoas major muscle

A

lumbar plexus

120
Q

largest terminal nerve of lumbar plexus running deep to the inguinal ligament to enter the thigh and then divides into large branches

A

femoral nerve

121
Q

enters the medial thigh via the obturator foramen and innervate the adductor muscles

A

obturator nerve

122
Q

largest branch of sacral plexus , thickest and longest nerve in body supplying lower limb

A

sciatic nerve

123
Q

innervates the muscles and skin of the perineum and helps stimulatre erection and control urination

A

pudendal nerve

124
Q
  • mobilizes the body during activity; is the “fight-or-flight” system
  • Promotes adjustments during exercise, or when threatened
  • blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart
  • bronchioles dilate
  • Liver releases glucose
A

sympathetic division role of ANS

125
Q
  • Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy
  • Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes ,reading, after a meal
  • blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
  • gastrointestinal_ tract activity is high
  • pupils_ are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision
A

parasympathetic division of ANS

126
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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