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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter2 > Flashcards

Chapter2 Flashcards

1
Q

anything that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

states include:

  1. solid
  2. liquid
  3. gas
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2
Q

capacity to do work or put matter into motion

A

energy

types : kinetic and potential

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3
Q

forms of energy

A
  • chemical energy-stored in bonds of chemical substances
  • electrical energy-results from movement of charged particles
  • mechanical energy- directly involved in moving matter
  • electromagnetic energy- exhibits wavelike properties
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4
Q

elements about 96% of body mass

A

oxygen. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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5
Q

about 3.9% of body mass

A

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl. Mg, I, Fe

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6
Q

trace elements of teh human body

A

part of enzymes, Cr, Mn, Zn

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7
Q

current model used by chemists that depicts regions of greatest electron density and predicts chemical behavior of atoms

A

orbital model

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8
Q

structural variations of elements that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

A

isotopes

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9
Q

average mass numbers of all isotopes

A

atomic weight

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10
Q

Except for the first shell which is full with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their outermost__ energy level (_valence_ shell)

A

octet rule

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11
Q

type of elements that are Stable and _unreactive__
Outermost energy level fully _occupied__ or contains eight electrons

A

chemicaly inert

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12
Q
  • complete transfer of electrons
  • seperate ions (charged particles) form
A

ionic bond

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13
Q
  • unequal sharing of electrons
  • slight negative charge at one end of molecule, slight positive charge at other end
A

polar covalent

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14
Q
  • equal sharing of electrons
  • charge balanced among atoms
A

nonpolar covalent bond

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15
Q
  • attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule 7 an electronegative atom of another molecule
  • common btwn dipoles like water
  • also act as intramolecular bonds, holding a large molecule in a 3 dimenstional shape
A

hydrogen bonds

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16
Q
  • synthesis reactions A+B –> AB
  • endergoinc reactions -products contain more potential energy than did reactants
A

anabolic

17
Q
  • decompostition reaction AB–> A+B
  • exergonic reactions- release energy
A

catabolic reactions

18
Q

_____ are biological catalysts (-ase)

A

enzymes

19
Q
  • Small, molecules____
  • Water, _salts_ , and many acids (HCl) and _bases_ (NaOH)
  • Do not contain carbon with some exceptions: CO, _contains carbon but is classified as inorganic
A

inorganic compounds

20
Q
  • _carbs__, lipids, _proteins___ , and nucleic acids
  • Contain _carbon_ , usually large, and are _covalently_ bonded
A

organic compounds

21
Q

properties of water

A
  • high heat capacity
  • high heat of vaporization
  • polar solvent properties
  • reactivity/cushioning
22
Q
  • ionic compounds that dissociate in water, and are electrolytes
  • Contain _cations_ other than H+ and anions other than OH–
A

salts

23
Q
  • Both are electrolytes
  • _acids_ are proton (hydrogen ion) donors (_acidity_ H+ in solution) HCl  H+ + Cl–
  • _bases_ are proton acceptors (take up H+ from solution)
    NaOH  Na+ + OH–
    OH– accepts an available proton (H+)
    OH– + H+  H2O
A

acids and bases

[bicarbonate and ammonia are important bases in body]

24
Q
  • Acid solutions contain [H+]
    • As [H+] _increases_ , acidity increases
  • Alkaline solutions contain bases (e.g., OH–)
    • As [H+] decreases_ (or as [OH–] increases), alkalinity increases
A

acid base concentration

25
Q

increase [H+], decrease pH

Acidic pH: 0–6.99
pH scale is logarithmic: a pH 5 solution has 10 times more H+ than a pH 6 solution

A

acidic solutions

26
Q

decrease [H+], increase pH
Alkaline (basic) pH: 7.01–14

A

basic solutions

27
Q

an anabolic process by which two molecules are chemically bonded through the use of enzymes and a loss of water.

  • glucose + glucose + enzyme = maltose + water + enzyme.
  • The acid group of one
    amino acid is bonded to
    the amine group of the
    next, with loss of a water
    molecule.
A

dehydration synthesis

28
Q
  • a catabolic process by which the bond between monomers are broken by the enzyme and the addition of water.
  • Peptide
    bonds linking amino
    acids together are
    broken when water is
    added to the bond.
A

hydrolysis

29
Q
  • Sugars and starches
  • Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n]
  • Three classes
  • _monosaccharides__
  • Disaccharides
  • _polysaccharides_
A

carbohydrates

  • functions: major source of cellular fuel
30
Q

simple sugars containing 3 to 7 C atoms

ex. hexose and pentose sugars

A

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose

31
Q

double sugars, too large to pass trhough cell membranes

A

disaccharides

consists of 2 linked monosaccarides like sucrose, maltose, lactose

32
Q

polymers of simple sugars, like starch& glycogen/not very soluble

A

polysaccharides

long branching polymers of linked monosaccharides like glycogen

33
Q
  • Contain C, H, O (less than in _carbohydrates__), and sometimes P
  • _insoluble__ in water

Main types:

  • Neutral fats or _triglycerides_
  • _phospholipids__
  • Steroids
  • Eicosanoids
A

Lipids

34
Q
  • neutral fats
  • composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
A

triglycerides

main functions:energy storage, insulation, protection

35
Q

DNA’s 4 bases

A
  • A, G, C, T
  • double stranged helical molecule in the cell nucleus
  • provides instructions for protein synthesis
  • replicated before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity
36
Q

RNA’s 4 bases:

A

A, G, C, U

  • single stranded molecule mostly active outside nuclus
  • 3 varieties of rna carry out the dna orders for proteins synthesis
  • messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
37
Q
  • Phosphorylation:
  • _terminal_ phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules
  • Such“primed” _molecules_ perform cellular__ work (life processes) using the phosphate__ bond energy
A

function of ATP

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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