Nerves Lab Flashcards
outermost gray matter of the cerebrum is…
cerebral cortex
elevated ridges of tissue
gyrus/gyri
gyri are separated by _____
sulci/suclus
gyri can also be separated by deeper grooves called….
fissures
Most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are
unipolar
these neurons occur in special sense organs, where they relay information about sight, smell, or hearing from the receptor cells to other neurons
bipolar
have two or more dendrites and a single axon and are the most common type of neuron in the CNS.ex. all the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are
multipolar
this sulcus divides the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe
central sulcus
synapse points of cranial nerve I/mark the position of the floor of the deincephalon
olfactory bulbs
fifth lobe of each cerebral hemisphere
insula
the pimary somatosensory cortex is located in the ______ ____ of the parietal lobe
postcentral gyrus
primary motor area is reponsible for conscious or voluntary movemnt of the skeletal muscles located in the _____ __
precentral gyrus
crossover of the optic nerves
optic chiasma
the most superior portion of the brain stem and embryologically part of the forebrain
diencephalon
what brain regions make up the diencephalon?
hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus
large cauliflower like under occiptal lobes of cerebrum
cerebellum
brain regions composed in the brain stem
medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
means bridge, consists of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting hte brain and lower CNScenters
pons
loest brain stem region composed of fiber tracts
medulla oblongata
a crossover point for the major motor tracts(pyramidal tracts)descending from the motor areas of the cerbrum to the cord on the medulla’s surface
decussation of pyramids
medulla contains many vital autonomic centers involved in control of …..
- heart rate
- respiratory rhythm
- blood pressure
- involuntary centers(vomiting,swallowing)
consists of 2 large lobs of gray matter that laterally enclose the shallow third ventricle of thebrain
thalamus
makes up the floor and inferolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle. important autonomic center involved in regulation of body temp, water balance, and fat and carb metabolism
hypothalamus
- forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle and is most dorsal portion of diencephalon
- important stuctures within are pineal gland and choroid plexus
epithalamus
a neuroendocrine structure in epithalamus
pineal gland
stucture in epithalamus that is knotlike collections of capillaries within each ventricle, and form cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexus
slender canal traveling through midbrain; connecting 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricle in the hindbrain below
cerebral aqueduct
treelike branching of the cerebellar white matter is referred to as
arbor vitae (tree of life)
brain and spinal cord covered and protected by 3 connective tissue membranes called
meninges
outermost meninx; leathery; double layered membrane
(periosteal and meningeal layer)
dura mater
extension in inner membrane dipping into the longtudinal fissue btwn the cerebral hemispheres to attach to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone of the skull
falx cerebri
meninx that separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres
falx cerebelli
meninx that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum below; inward fold of the inner dural membrane
tentorium cerebelli
the middle meninx; weblike; underlies the dura mater and is partialled separated from it by subdural space
arachnoid mater
threadlike projections bridge the subarachnoid space to attach the arachnoid to the innermost meninx which is the….
pia mater
specialized projections of the aracnoid tissue that protrudes throught he dura mater to allow the cerebrospinal fluid to drain back into the venous circulation via the supeior saggital sinus and other dural sinues
arachnoid villi
joins right and left sides of thalamus
intermediate mass of thalamus
cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the 2 lateral ventricles in the 3rd via the
interventricular foramina
purely sensory never- carreis afferent impulses associated with sense of smell
I. olfactory nerve
purely sensory– carries afferent impulses associated with vision
II. optic nerve
primarily motor- somatic motor fibers to inferior oblique and superior, infereior, and medial rectus muscles, directing eyeball
III. oculomotor nerves
primarily motor– provides somatic motor fibers to superior oblique muscle that moves the eyeball
IV. trochlear nerve
mixed – major sensory nerve of face; conducts sensory impulses from skin of face and anterior scalp
V. Trigeminal
carries somatic motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle tha moves the eyeball
VI. abducens nerve
mixed– supplies somatic motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and parasympathetic motor fibers to lacrimal and salivary glands
VII. Facial
purely sensory– vestibular branch transmits impulses associated with sense of equilibrium from vestinular apparatus and semicircular canals
VIII. vestbulochoclear nerve
mixed– somatic motor fibers serve pharyngeal muscles, and parasympathetic motor fibers serve salivary glands
IX. glossopharyngeal
mixed – fibers carry somatic motor impulses to pharyns and larynx and sensory fibers from same structures
X. Vagus
mixed but primarily motor provides somatic motor fibers to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and to muscles of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx
XI. Accessory
mixed by primarily motor in function, carries somatic motor fibers to muscles of tongue
XII. Hypoglossal
- Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles
- connect to the central third ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monro.
lateral ventricles
lateral and third ventricle connected by….
interventricular foramen
canal connecting third and fourth ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
(enclosed withint he vertebral canal of the spinal column
) extending from the foramen magnum of skull to first or 2nd lumbar vertebra where it terminates in the cone shaped….
conus medullaris
2 dorsal projections in gray matter of spinal cord
posterior grey horn
2 ventral projections of gray matter
ventral /anterior grey horn
lateral outpocketing of gray matter on each side is reffered to as the
lateral horn
central area of gray matter connecting the 2 vertical regions is the
gray commissure
gray commissure surrounds the ____ ____ of the cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid
central canal
dorsal horns contain interneurons and sensory fibers that enter the cord from the body periphery via the …
dorsal root
cellbodies of thse sensory neurons are found in an enlarged area of the dorsal root called the
dorsal root ganglion
send impulses IN to the central nervous system from sense receptors in the skin or internal organs,
afferent
send impulses OUT from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
efferent
posterior root ganglion has _______neurons
sensory
ventral root mainly have ____neurons
motor
arises from the ventral rami of C1 to C5 to suppl muscles of the shoulder and neck.
cervical plexus
- major motor branch of cervical plexus
- arises from C3 thru C4 and passes into the thoracic cavity in front of the first rib to innervate teh diaphragm
- c3c4c5 keep the diaphragm alive
phrenic nerve
large and complex arising from ventral rami of C5 thru C8 and T1
brachial plexus
nerve in brachial plexus serving the muscles and skin of the shoulder with limitied distribution
axillary nerve
nerve in brachial plexus traveling down the posteromedial surface of the arm
ulnar nerve
plexus that arises from ventral rami of L1 thru L4
lumbar plexus
largest nerve of lumbar plexus that passes beneath inguinal ligament to innevate the anterior thigh muscles L2-L4
femoral nerve
in lumbar plexus, motor to adductor magus, longus, and brevis muscles nerve L2-L4
obturator nerve
collection of spinal nerves traversing the inferior end of the vertebral canal is called the
cauda equina
