Chapter3 Flashcards
3 parts of basic cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
boundary between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
plasma membrane
composition of plasma membrane
bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded in it
has polar “head” region which is hydrophilic
has nonpolar “tail” region of 2 fatty acid chains which is hydrophobic
phospholipid
- protiens inserted into the membrane
- proteins attached to integral proteins
integral/ peripheral
- fuzzy, stick, carbohydrate rich area at cell surface
- bio markers > cells recognize each other so body doesn’t attack the cells
function of glycocalyx
sugars, amino acids, and ions transported either
- binding to preotein carriers in membrane ferried across
- moves through water filled proein channels
simple facilitated diffusion
lipids with attached sugar groups found only on outer plasma membrane surface
glycolipid
diffusion of a solvent, thru selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
____ solutions have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in cells. Cells reatin tehir normal size/shape as water moves in/out
isotonic solutions
_____ solutions have a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell. Cells immered in this solution lose water and shrink by osmosis. (contains higher concentratin of solutes than are present inside teh cells
hypertonic solutions
_____ solutions are more dilute( contain lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes) than cells. Cells take on water until they bloat/burst [lyse]
hypotonic solution
2 types of passive transport
filtration and diffusion
- ____ transport requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversilbly with the transported substances .
- solute pumps move solutes uphill against concentration gradient
active transport
an example of primary active transport system is the ____ ____ _____
- the Na+K+ leak slowly but continually thru leakage channels in the plasma membrane along their concentration gradient driving Na out and pumps K back in
sodium potassium pump
vesicular transport that moves substances into the cell
endocytosis
(3 types of endocytosis that use clathrincoated vesicles: phagocytosis, pinocytosism and receptor mediated endocytosis)
(“cell eating”) cell engulfs some large/solid material like bacteria, cell debris, or inanimate particles which forms a phagosome, then fuses with a lysosome and its contents are digested
phagocytosis
- (“cell drinking”) aka fluidphase endocytosis, infolding plasma membrane surrounds a very samll volume of extracellular fliud contianing dissolved molecules.
- routine activity of most cells affording them a nonselective way of smapling the extracellular floud
pinocytosis
vesicular transport processes that eject substances from the cell interior into the extracellular fluid
exocytosis
- chemicals that bind specificlaly to plasma membrane receptors
- include most neurtotransmitters, hormones, and paracrines
ligands
cellular material btwn the plasma membrane and the nucleus consisting of : the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
cytoplasm
- threadlike membranous organelles
- powerplants providing most of ATP supply
mitochondria
- small, dark staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of rna’s
- site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
- consists of stacked and flatted membranous sacs, shaped like hollow dinner plates
- modieies, concentrate, and package proteins and lipids made a tthe rough ER and destined for export from cell
golgi apparatus
- spherical membranous sacs contianing a variety of powerful enzymes like oxidases and catalases
- neutralizes free radicals
peroxisomes
- spherical membranous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes
- functions as demolition crew
lysosomes
- bumpy threads weacing thru cleoplasm
- composed of DNA, globular histone proteins, and rna chains
chromatin
transfers info from a dna base sequence to the coplementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule
transcription
step of protein synthesis, language of nuclei acids (base sequence) translated into the language of proteins (amino acid squence)
translation
