Chapter1

Question 1

study of structure

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

subdivisions of a&p

Answer 2

gross or macroscopic, microscopic, developmental

Question 3

essential tools for the study of anatomy:

Answer 3

• mastery of anatomical terminology
• observation
• manipulation
• palpatation
• ausculation

Question 4

study of function at many levels

Answer 4

physiology

subdivisions are based on organ systems

Question 5

essential tools for the study of physiolgy

Answer 5

• ability to focus at many levels
• basic physical principles
• basic chemical principles

Question 6

principle that says anatomy and physiology are inseperable

Answer 6

Principle of Complementarity

• function always reflects structure
• what a structure can do depends on its specific form

Question 7

levels of structural organization

Answer 7

• chemical
• cellular
• tissue
• organ
• organ system
• organismal

Question 8

• all chemical reactions that occur in body cells [catabolism and anabolism]

Answer 8

Metabolism

1. Catabolism: breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
2. Anabolism: synthesizes more complex cellular structure from simpler substances

Question 9

• nutrients
• oxygen
• water
• normal body temp
• apropriate atmospheric presure

Answer 9

survival needs

Question 10

maintenance of a relative stable inernal environment depsite continuous outside changes… A dynamic state of equilibrium

Answer 10

homeostasis

Question 11

Involve _continuous_ monitoring and regulation__ of many factors (variables: Ca+2, pH, O2, CO2, water content)

Answer 11

Homeosatic control mechanisms

• nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones

Question 12

1. Receptor(sensor)
2. Control center
3. Effector

Answer 12

Components of a control mechanism

Question 13

response reducing or shutting off original stimulus

Answer 13

Negative Feedback

• when receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center hypothalamus stimulate pituatary gland to release antidiuretic hormone causing kidneys to return more water to blood

Question 14

response enhances or exaggerates orginal stimulus

Answer 14

positive feedback

• cascade or amplifying effect
• ex. labor contractions by oxytocin or platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Question 15

2 major divisions of body

Answer 15

1. Axial: head, neck, trunk
2. Appendiclar: limbs

Question 16

which body cavity protectes nervous system?

Answer 16

Dorsal Cavity

2subdivisions:cranial(brain) and verterbal cavity(spinal)

Question 17

which body cavity houses internal organs(viscera)?

Answer 17

Ventral Cavity

2subdivisions: thoracic ( and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
Two pleural cavities
Each houses a lung
Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity
Surrounds thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity
Encloses heart

Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Question 18

thin double layered membrane separated by serous fluid

Answer 18

serous membrane(serosa)

• parietal serosa lines internal body walls
• visceral serosa covers teh internal organs

Question 19

other body cavities

Answer 19

• oral and digestive
• nasal cavity
• orbital cavities
• middle ear cavities
• synovial cavities