Chapter8 Flashcards
- synathroses_ —immovable
- amphiarthroses —slightly movable
- diarthroses —freely movable
functional classification of joints
- fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- synovial
strutural classifications of joints
- Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
- No joint cavity
- Most are synathrotic (immovable)
Three types:
- Sutures
- syndesmoses_
- gomphoses
fibrous joints
- Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective_ tissue fibers
- Allow for growth during youth
- In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses
fibrous joints :sutures
- Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)
- movement varies from immovable to slightly movable
Examples:
- synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint
- diarthrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna
Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses
- Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets
- Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses
- Bones united by cartilage
- No joint_ cavity
Two types:
- Synchondroses
- Symphyses
Cartilaginous Joints
A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
All are synarthrotic
[ex. joint btw first rib and sternum]
Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
- hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
- strong, flexible amphiarthroses
[Ex.pubic symphysis]
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
- All are diarthrotic
- Include all limb joints; most joints of the body
Features:
- articular cartilage:hyaline cartilage
- joint(synovial)cavity: small potential space
- articular(joint) capsule:
- outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
- inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
synovial joints
- capsular(intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule
- Extracapsular—outside the capsule
- Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
in Synovial Joints the Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments:
components of synovial joint
- ligament
- joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- articular capsul with fibrous layer and synovial membrane
- periosteum
- flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
- Contain synovial fluid
- Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments , muscles, skin, tendons , or bones rub together
bursae
Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
tendon sheath (friction reducing structure of synovial joint)
- Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
- Ligament number and location (limited role)
- Muscle tone , which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut_
- Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot
Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints
- Muscle attachments across a joint:
- origin_—attachment to the immovable bone
- insertion_—attachment to the movable bone
- Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin
- movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
synovial joints: Movement
- nonaxial_—slipping movements only (tarsals)
- Uniaxial —movement in one plane
- biaxial—movement in two planes
- Multiaxial —movement in or around all three planes
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion
occurs when one flat, orn early flat, bone surface slips over another (back and forth and side to side without rotation)
Ex. intercarpal joints, btw articular processes of vertebrae
gliding
increase or decrease the angle btw 2 bones
angular movements
- flexion-decrease angle
- extension- increase angle
- hyperextension
- abduction- moving toward body midline
- adduction- moving away from body
- circumduction- moving a limb describing cone in space
- turning of a bone around its own long axis
- only movement allowed btw first 2 cervical vertebraeand common at hip and shoulder joints
rotation
- supination, pronation
- Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot
- inversion, eversion
- Protraction, retraction_
- elevation, depression
- opposition
special movments
turing backward/ turning forward
[ex. rotating forearm laterally so palm face anteriorly]
supination/pronation
lifting and pointing movements of the foot at the ankle
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
special movements of the foot where sole of the foot turns medially or laterally
inversion/ eversion