Chapter8 Flashcards

1
Q
  • synathroses_ —immovable
  • amphiarthroses —slightly movable
  • diarthroses —freely movable
A

functional classification of joints

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2
Q
  • fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • synovial
A

strutural classifications of joints

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3
Q
  1. Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
  2. No joint cavity
  3. Most are synathrotic (immovable)

Three types:

  • Sutures
  • syndesmoses_
  • gomphoses
A

fibrous joints

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4
Q
  • Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective_ tissue fibers
  • Allow for growth during youth
  • In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses
A

fibrous joints :sutures

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5
Q
  • Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)
  • movement varies from immovable to slightly movable

Examples:

  • synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint
  • diarthrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna
A

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

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6
Q
  • Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets
  • Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
A

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

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7
Q
  1. Bones united by cartilage
  2. No joint_ cavity

Two types:

  • Synchondroses
  • Symphyses
A

Cartilaginous Joints

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8
Q

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
All are synarthrotic

[ex. joint btw first rib and sternum]

A

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

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9
Q
  • hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
  • strong, flexible amphiarthroses

[Ex.pubic symphysis]

A

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

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10
Q
  • All are diarthrotic
  • Include all limb joints; most joints of the body

Features:

  1. articular cartilage:hyaline cartilage
  2. joint(synovial)cavity: small potential space
  3. articular(joint) capsule:
    • outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
    • inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
A

synovial joints

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11
Q
  • capsular(intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule
  • Extracapsular—outside the capsule
  • Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
A

in Synovial Joints the Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments:

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12
Q

components of synovial joint

A
  • ligament
  • joint cavity containing synovial fluid
  • articular capsul with fibrous layer and synovial membrane
  • periosteum
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13
Q
  • flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
  • Contain synovial fluid
  • Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments , muscles, skin, tendons , or bones rub together
A

bursae

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14
Q

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

A

tendon sheath (friction reducing structure of synovial joint)

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15
Q
  • Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
  • Ligament number and location (limited role)
  • Muscle tone , which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut_
  • Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot
A

Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints

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16
Q
  • Muscle attachments across a joint:
  • origin_—attachment to the immovable bone
  • insertion_—attachment to the movable bone
  • Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin
  • movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
A

synovial joints: Movement

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17
Q
  • nonaxial_—slipping movements only (tarsals)
  • Uniaxial —movement in one plane
  • biaxial—movement in two planes
  • Multiaxial —movement in or around all three planes
A

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion

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18
Q

occurs when one flat, orn early flat, bone surface slips over another (back and forth and side to side without rotation)

Ex. intercarpal joints, btw articular processes of vertebrae

19
Q

increase or decrease the angle btw 2 bones

A

angular movements

  • flexion-decrease angle
  • extension- increase angle
  • hyperextension
  • abduction- moving toward body midline
  • adduction- moving away from body
  • circumduction- moving a limb describing cone in space
20
Q
  • turning of a bone around its own long axis
  • only movement allowed btw first 2 cervical vertebraeand common at hip and shoulder joints
21
Q
  • supination, pronation
  • Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot
  • inversion, eversion
  • Protraction, retraction_
  • elevation, depression
  • opposition
A

special movments

22
Q

turing backward/ turning forward

[ex. rotating forearm laterally so palm face anteriorly]

A

supination/pronation

23
Q

lifting and pointing movements of the foot at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

24
Q

special movements of the foot where sole of the foot turns medially or laterally

A

inversion/ eversion

25
lifting a body part superiorly or moving the elevated part inferiorly
elevation/ depression ex. during chewing the mandible
26
* nonaxial * Hinge * pivot * Condyloid * saddle * Ball and socket
6 types of synovial joints, based on articular surfaces
27
* nonaxial joints * Flat articular surfaces * Short gliding movements ex. intercarpal joint (nonaxial movement)
plane joints
28
* uniaxial joints * Motion along a single plane * flexion and extension only ex. elbow joint
hinge joints
29
* rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone * uniaxial movement only
pivot joints
30
* biaxial joints * Both articular surfaces are oval * Permit all angular movements ex. metacarpophalangeal joint, wrist joints
condyloid joints
31
* biaxial * Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints * Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas ex. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
saddle joint
32
* multiaxial joints * The most freely moving synovial joints ex.shoulder joint
ball and socket joint
33
* Largest, most complex joint of body * Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity: * Femoropatellar joint: * plane joint * Allows gliding motion during knee flexion * Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia * Allow flexion , extension , and some rotation when knee is partly flexed
knee joint
34
tight fit; better flow of fluid around articular surfaces
Purpose of menisci
35
* At least 12 associated bursae * capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons: * E.g., quadriceps and muscle\_ tendons * Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly * Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to: * Lateral and medial patellar retinacula * Patellar ligament * Capsular and extracapsular ligaments * Help prevent hyperextension * Intracapsular ligaments: * Anterior and posterior \_cruciate ligaments * Prevent anterior-posterior displacement
knee joint
36
* fibular/tibial collateral ligaments prevent lateral/medial rotation when knee extenses * anterior/posterior cruicial ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia and femur and checks hyperextenstion/backward displacement of the knee * menisci prevents side to side rocking of the femur on the tibia and asorb shock transmitted to the knee
Extracapsular ligaments of knee
37
* Ball-and-socket joint * Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum * Good range of motion , but limited by the deep socket * acetebelar labrum—enhances depth of socket
hip(coxal) joint
38
* illiofemoral ligament-strong v shaped ligament anteriorly * Pubofemoral ligament- trangular thickening of teh inferior part of the capsule * ischiofemoral ligament-spiraling posterior ligament and "screw: into acetabulum when stood straight * ligamentum teres-flate intracapsular band that runs from femur head to lower lip of the acetabulum containing artery helping supply head of femur
reinforcing ligaments of hip joint
39
* The ligaments are stretched or torn * partial\_ tears slowly repair themselves * Complete ruptures require prompt surgical\_ repair
sprains
40
* Due to compression and shear stress * fragments may cause joint to lock or bind * Cartilage rarely repairs itself * Repaired with \_arthroscopic\_ surgery
cartilage tears
41
* Dislocations (\_luxations ) * Occur when bones are forced out of alignment * Accompanied by sprains , inflammation, and joint immobililization * Caused by serious falls or playing sports * Subluxation—partial dislocation of a joint
common joint injuries
42
* An inflammation of a bursa , usually caused by a blow or friction * Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, antinflammatory drugs
bursitis
43
* inflmammation of \_tendons\_ sheaths typically caused by overuse * symptions and treatment similar to bursitis
tendonitis
44