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Anatomy > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The master controlling and communicating system of the body

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2
Q

What reflects the nervous sytem’s activity?

A

Every thought, action, and emotion

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3
Q

What is the signaling device for body cells?

A

Elcectical impulses

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4
Q

Characteristics of responses

A

Rapid, specific, and almost immediate

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5
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What do the brain and spinal cord occupy and do?

A

The dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and ccommand centers of the nervous system

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7
Q

What does the central nervous system interpret?

A

Sensory information

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8
Q

What does the coentral nervous system issue?

A

Instructions based on past experience and current conditions

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9
Q

How are supporting cells lumped together?

A

As neuroglia or glia which means glue

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10
Q

WHat do supporting cells do for neurons?

A

They support, insulate, and protect delicate neueons

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11
Q

What can neuroglia cannot do?

A

Transmit nerve impulses because it is highly developed in neurons

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12
Q

What is nissl substance?

A

Rough ER

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13
Q

Where are neurofibrils found?

A

Inside the cell body

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14
Q

What is the funncion of neurofibrils?

A

To mantain cell shape

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15
Q

How big are neurofibrils?

A

The armlike processes or fibers vary in length from microscopic to 3 to 4 feet

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16
Q

Where are the longest neurofibrils?

A

Reach from the the lumbar region of the spine to tghe big toe

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17
Q

What are dendrites?

A

The neuron processes that convey invoming messages towards the cell body

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18
Q

What are axons?

A

Neuron processes that generate nerve impulses and consuct them away from the cell body

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19
Q

What are axonal terminals?

A

All axons branch at their teminal end, forming hundreds to thosands of them

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20
Q

What do axonal terminals contain?

A

Hundreds of tiny vesicles or membranous sacs that contain chenmicals called neurotransmitters

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21
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

Each exonal termianal is separated by the next neuron by a tiny gap called it

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22
Q

What does syn mean?

A

To clasp or join

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23
Q

What is the synaptic cleft called?

A

A synapse

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24
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Myeliate axons outside the CNS

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25
Q

What are schwann cells specialized in?

A

Supporting cells

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26
Q

What do schwann cells do and what is it called?

A

Wrap themselves tightly around the axon, myelin sheath

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27
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory, motor, and association

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28
Q

What dies afferent mean?

A

Towards

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29
Q

What does efferent me?

A

Away

30
Q

How do motor neurons work?

A

Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands

31
Q

Where are cell bodies of motor neurons located?

A

The CNS

32
Q

How do association neurons work?

A

They connect the motor and sensory neurons in neutral pathways located in the CNS

33
Q

What is another word for association?

A

Interneurons

34
Q

What is structural classification for neurons based on?

A

The number of processes extending from the cell body

35
Q

What kind of neurons are multipolar?

A

All motor and association

36
Q

What makes a neuron multipo;ar?

A

If there are several processes

37
Q

What kind of neuron is most common?

A

Multipoalr

38
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with two processes, an axon and a dendrite

39
Q

What are bipolar neurons rare in?

A

Adults

40
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

In some special sensory receptor cells of the eye and ear

41
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

They have a single process emerging from the cell body

42
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

In the PNS

43
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Nerves extending from the broin and the Spinal cord, where unipolar neurons are found

44
Q

What is the inside of the neuron and what does it have in it?

A

Negative, Potassium(K+)

45
Q

What is the outside of the neuron and what does it have in it?

A

Positive, Sodium(NA+)

46
Q

How does this phenomenon happen inside the neuron?

A

As long as the inside remains more negative as compared to the outside, the neuron will stay inactive.

47
Q

What happens when a neuron is adequately stimulated?

A

The “sodium gates” in the membrane open

48
Q

What happens when the sodium gates open?

A

Because of diffusion, sodium in higher concentration outside the cell will diffuse quickly into the neuron

49
Q

What is depolarization?

A

The inward rush of NA+ changes the polarity of the neuron’s membrane, the inside is now positive and the outside is now negative

50
Q

What happens if the stimulus is strong enough in depolarization?

A

It activates the neuron to initiate and transmit an action potential (essentially it keeps moving down the neuron), and it creates a nerve impulse in neurons

51
Q

What is repolarization?

A

This outflow of positive ions from the cell restores the electrical conditions at the membrane to the polarized or resting state

52
Q

What happens to a neuron until it is repolarized?

A

It cannot conduct another impulse

53
Q

What happens after repolarization occurs?

A

The initial concentrations of the sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the neuron are restored by activation of the sodium/potassium pump

54
Q

What does the sodium/potassium pump use?

A

Cell energy (ATP) to pump excess NA+ put of the cell aand to bring K+ back into the cell

55
Q

What do cold and continuous pressure do?

A

Hinder impulse conduction

56
Q

Why do cold and continuous pressure hinder impulse conduction?

A

They interrupt blood circulation and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the neurons

57
Q

What is conductivity?

A

The travel of an impulse along one neuron to another neuron

58
Q

What happens when action potential reaches the axonal endings?

A

The tiny vesicles containing the neurotransmitter chemical fuse with the axonal membrane, which ruptures and releases neurotransmitters

59
Q

What is the transmission of an impulse?

A

An electrochemical event

60
Q

When is the transmission down the neuron electrical?

A

Depolarization and repolarization

61
Q

When is the transmission down the neuron chemical?

A

The release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse

62
Q

What is was the body does every day programmed by?

A

Reflexes

63
Q

What are three characteristics of reflexes?

A

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

64
Q

What are reflexes like and why?

A

One way streets, once they begin they go in one direction

65
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

The neural pathways that a reflex travels

66
Q

What do autonimic reflexes do?

A

Regulate the activity of smooth muscles like the heart and glands, examples are secretion of saliva- salivary reflex, and changes in the size of the pupil, papillary reflex

67
Q

What do autonomic reflexes regulate?

A

Digestion, elimination, blood pressure, and sweating

68
Q

What do somatic reflexes include?

A

All reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles

69
Q

What is an example of somatic reflexes?

A

When you quickly pull your hand away from a hot object

70
Q

What do all reflex arcs have a minimum of?

A

Five elements

71
Q
A

Anatomy (12 decks)

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