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Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What do the endocrine and nervous systems do?

A

Coordinate and direct the activity of the body’s cells.

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2
Q

What differentiates the nervous system from the endocrine system?

A

The speed of control

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3
Q

Is nervous system or endocrine system slower?

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system use to send messages?

A

Chemical messengers called hormones

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5
Q

What do the hormones do?

A

They are released into the blood to be transported leisurely throughout the body

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6
Q

What do the hormones contain?

A

Calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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7
Q

How do hormones work?

A

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids regulate the the metabolic activity of cells in the body

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8
Q

What two things are hormones classified by?

A

Amino acid-based molecules (including proteins, peptides and amines) and steroids

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9
Q

What is the third chemical class of hormones?

A

Prostaglandins

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10
Q

What are prostaglandins made from?

A

Highly active lipids found in the cell’s plasma membrane

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11
Q

What are target cells or target organs?

A

Although the blood-borne hormones circulate to all the organs of the body, a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs

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12
Q

What word does the term hormone come from? And why?

A

The greek word meaning “to arouse”, hormones do just that

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13
Q

Why do hormones mean “to arouse”?

A

They arouse or bring about their effects on the body’s cells primarily by altering cellular activity

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14
Q

How many mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in cells are there?

A

2

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15
Q

What kind of mechanism do steroidal hormones use?

A

Direct gene activation

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16
Q

What kind of glands are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands

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17
Q

What do endocrine glands release hormones into?

A

Blood and Lymph

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18
Q

How big is the pituitary gland?

A

The size of a grape

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19
Q

What is the pituitary gland hung by?

A

It hangs by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus of the brain

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20
Q

What is the pituitary gland surrounded by?

A

It is snugly surrounded by the “Turk’s Saddle” of the sphenoid bone

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21
Q

What are the two functional lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

The anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary

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22
Q

What kind of tissue does the anterior pituitary have?

A

Glandular tissue

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23
Q

What kind of tissue does the posterior pituitary have?

A

Nervous tissue

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24
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that stimulate their target organs

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25
Q

What are the 6 hormones from the pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropic, adrenocorticotropic, and two gonadotropic hormones

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26
Q

What target organs are also endocrine glands? (9)

A

Adrenal cortex, bone, muscle, skin, thyroid, testes, ovaries, breast, kidney

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27
Q

How do target endocrine hormones work?

A

They will secrete their hormones which exert their effects on other body organs and tissue

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28
Q

What kind of hormone is GH?

A

General metabolic

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29
Q

What does GH do and what are its major effects?

A

Its major effects are directed to the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body

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30
Q

What does GH play an important role in?

A

Determining final body size

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31
Q

What does GH do to fats?

A

Causes them to be broken down and uses it for energy

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32
Q

What does GH do with glucose?

A

Spares glucose, helping to maintain blood sugar homeostasis

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33
Q

What does pro mean?

A

For

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34
Q

What does lact mean?

A

Milk

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35
Q

What is PLR?

A

Prolactin

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36
Q

What kind of hormone is Prolactin?

A

Protein hormone

37
Q

What is prolactin structured similar to?

A

Growth hormone

38
Q

Where is prolactin’s target

A

Its only known target in humans is the breasts

39
Q

What happens to Prolactin after childbirth?

A

After childbirth, it stimulates and maintains milk production by the mother’s breasts.

40
Q

What is the function of prolactin in males?

A

It is not known

41
Q

What is TSH also called?

A

Thyrotropic hormone (TH)

42
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland

43
Q

What happens as egg follicles mature and why?

A

They produce estrogen, it is stimulated by FSH

44
Q

What does FSH do in men?

A

Stimulates sperm development by the testes

45
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do in females? (3 things)

A

Triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary, causes the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum, stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and some estrogen

46
Q

What is luteinizing hormone also referred to as?

A

Interstital Cell-Stimulating Hormone (CSH)

47
Q

In men, what does luteinizing hormone do?

A

It stimulates testosterone production by the interstital cells of the testes

48
Q

What is the pituitary–hypothalamus relationship called?

A

Master endocrine gland

49
Q

Why is the pituitary–hypothalamus relationship called the master endocrine gland?

A

Its removal or destruction has a dramatic effect on the body

50
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The structure that controls the anterior pituitary

51
Q

What does the hypothalamus do and how?

A

Controls the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland by releasing and inhibiting hormones that it produces

52
Q

How many hormones does the thyroid produce?

A

2

53
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

Controls the rate at which glucose is burned or oxidized and converted into body heat and chemical energy

54
Q

What is calcitonin and where does it come from?

A

A hormone that aids in the lowering of blood calcium, released by the thyroid

55
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

Tiny masses of tissue found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

56
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A

To secrete parathormone (PTH)

57
Q

What does Parathormone (PTH) do?

A

The most important regulator of Ca2+ calcium ions

58
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

The two bean shaped adrenal glands curve over the top of the kidneys

59
Q

What do the adrenal glands produce?

A

Three major groups of steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids

60
Q

WHat are the three major groups of corticosteroids created by the adrenal glands?

A

Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones

61
Q

What do the mineralcorticoids mainly consist of?

A

Aldosterone

62
Q

What are the mineralcorticoids produced by?

A

The outermost adrenal cortex cell layer

63
Q

What do the mineralcorticoids do?

A

Regulate the sodium and potassium (salt) content in the body

64
Q

Where are the glucocorticoids made?

A

In the middle cortical layer along with cortisone and cortisol

65
Q

What do the glucocorticoids do?

A

Promote normal cell metabolism to help the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

66
Q

What is epinephrine also called?

A

Adrenaline

67
Q

What is norepinephrine also called?

A

Noradrenaline

68
Q

How does adrenaline work?

A

When you are threatened physically or emotionally, your sympathetic nervous system brings about the fight or flight response to help you cope with the stressful situation

69
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Acts on almost all body cells to increase the ability of the cell to transport glucose across the cell membrane

70
Q

What does glucose do once inside a cell?

A

Is used for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage

71
Q

What kind of hormone is insulin?

A

Hypoglycemic hormone

72
Q

What kind of hormone is glucagon?

A

Hyperglycemic

73
Q

What does being hyperglycemic mean for glucagon?

A

Its target organ is the liver which it stimulates to break down stored glycogen ti glucose and ti release the glucose into the blood

74
Q

What does the pineal gland look like?

A

A small gland found on the third ventricle of the brain

75
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Its function is to secrete melatonin

76
Q

WHat is melatonin?

A

The body’s sleep trigger that establishes the day/night cycle

77
Q

Where and what do the ovaries look like?

A

Paired, almond sized, located in the pelvic cavity

78
Q

What does the ovaries produce/

A

Besides producing female sex cells, ova or eggs, the ovaries produce two groups of steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone

79
Q

Where is estrogen produced?

A

The Graafian follicles of the ovaries

80
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Stimulates the development of the secondary sex characteristics in females

81
Q

What does estrogen work with?

A

Progesterone

82
Q

What do estrogen and progesterone do?

A

Work together yo prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

83
Q

What does the release of estrogen and progesterone do?

A

Results in cyclic changes in the uterine lining, which is called the menstural cycle

84
Q

WHat does progesterone do during pregnancy?

A

Helps to quiet the muscle of the uterus so that an implanted embryo will not be aborted

85
Q

What other thing does progesterone do?

A

Helps prepare breast tissue ofr lactation

86
Q

Where is progesterone created?

A

Produced in large amounts by another glandular structure of the ovaries, the corpus luteum

87
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Causes the development of the male’s secondary sex characteristics

88
Q

WHat are some of the male’s secondary sex characteristics?

A

Growth of the beard, development of heavy bones and muscles, lowering of the voice, stimulates the male sex drive

89
Q

What is adulthood testosterone necessary for?

A

The continuous production of sperm

Anatomy (12 decks)

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