Joints Flashcards
What is a joint formed by?
Every bone in the human body forms a joint with at least one other bone
What is the one bone that doesn’t have a joint?
The hyoid bone of the neck
What is the functional classification of joints?
It focuses on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
What are synarthroses?
Immovable joints
What are Amphiarthroses?
slightly movable joints
What are Diarthroses?
freely movable joints
What are fibrous joints and an example of them
The bones are united by a fibrous tissue, the sutures of the skull
What are synovial joints?
Those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Synovial joints are all…
freely movable
What are the 4 distinguishing features of synovial joints?
Articulating cartilage, fibrous articular capsule, joint cavity, and reinforcing ligaments
What is the articulating cartilage in the synovial joints?
A type of cartilage which covers the ends of the bones forming the joints
What is the fibrous articular cartilage in the synovial joints?
The joint surfaces are enclosed by a sleeve or capsule of fibrous connective tissue
What is the fibrous articular cartilage lined with? Why is it called that?
A smooth synovial membrane, it is the reason these joints are called synovial joints
What is the bursae?
A flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid
Where are the bursae located?
Where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
What is the tendon sheath?
An elongated bursa which wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction
What does the tendon sheath act like?
A bun around a hotdog
What kind of movement do plane joints have?
Gliding or slipping
What kind of axial is plane?
Non axial- does not rotate around an axis
How are plane joints shaped?
The articulating surfaces are flat
Where are plane joints found?
The intercarpal joints of the wrist and the intertarsal joints of the ankle
What is a hinge joint?
Is the type of joint where the cylindrical end of one bone fits through the trough-shaped surface of another bone
How do hinge joints work?
Angular movement is allowed in just one plane, like a mechanical hinge
Where are hinge joints located?
elbow, ankle, and between the phalanges of the fingers
What is the pivot joint?
The rounded end of the bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone (and possibly ligaments)
What kind of joints are pivot joints? And why?
Uniaxial because the rotating bone can only turn around its long axis
Where is the pivot joint located?
The joint between the atlas and the dens of the axis
What is the condyloid joint?
Forms when the egg shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another bone
How do condyloid joints work?
They allow the moving bone to travel from side to side and also back and forth
What kind of axial are the Condyloid joints and why?
Biaxial because movement occurs around two joints
Where are condyloid joints found?
The joints of the knuckles
What are the saddle joints?
When each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle
What kind of axial are saddle joints?
Biaxial, same as the condyloid
Where are the saddle joints found?
The carpometacarpal joints of the thumb
What are ball and socket joints?
Has the spherical head of one bone fitting into a round socket in another
What kind of axial are ball and socket joints and what does it do?
Multiaxial, allow movement in all axes including rotation
What are ball and socket joints compared to the rest of the synovial joints?
They are freely movable
Where are ball and socket joints found?
The hips and shoulders
What are sprains?
Result when ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
What are the common sprain sites of the human body?
Lumbar region of the spine, ankle, and knee
What are dislocations also called?
Luxation
How do dislocations happen?
They occur when bones are forced out of alignment
What are dislocations usually accompanied by?
Sprains, inflammation, and and joint immobilization
How do dislocations happen?
They may result from serious falls and are common contact sport injuries
What are the most common cartilage injuries?
They involve the tearing of the knee menisci
What is the menisci?
Semilunar cartilage pad
Cartilage is…
Avascular
Why is cartilage being avascular significant?
Rarely can obtain sufficient nourishment to repair itself, thus it usually stays torn
How is cartilage repaired?
Through arthroscopic surgery
What is arthroscopic surgery?
A common procedure performed by physicians to move the central (avascular) part of the damaged cartilage
How are arthroscopic procedures done?
Insertion of fluid, arthroscope, and instruments through portals
What is bursitis?
The inflammation of a bursa
How is bursitis caused?
By a blow or friction
What is housemaid’s knee or water on the knee?
Falling on one’s knee may result in a painful bursitis of the prepatellar bursa
How is student’s elbow or olecranon bursitis caused?
By prolonged leaning on one’s elbow damaging the bursa close to the olecranon process
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
What are the symptoms of tendonitis and what are they similar to?
Pain and swelling, bursitis
What is the treatment for tendonitis?
Rest, ice, and anti inflammatory drugs
How many different types of arthritis are there?
Over 100 different types of degenerarive diseases that damage the joints
How many people suffer from arthritis?
One out of seven americans, it is the most widespread crippling disease in the United States
What is osteoarthritis?
The most common chronic (long term) arthritis
What is osteoarthritis also called?
Wear and tear arthritis
What kind of people first start noticing osteoarthritis?
It is most prevalent in the aged and is probably related to the normal aging process
Osteoarthritis is not always…
Inflammatory
What triggers rheumatoid arthritis?
The initial trigger of this is unknown, but the streptococcus bacterium and viruses have been suspected
What is gout or gouty arthritis?
When uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle shaped crystals in the soft tissue
What is uric acid?
A normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism
What is gout also called and why?
Rich man’s disease because of the types of foods that can cause it
