Integumentary System Flashcards
Where are eccrine glands found?
All over the body
What do eccrine glands produce? And what does it consist of
Sweat
It is a clear secretion that is primarily water but has some salts, vitamin C, metabolic wastes (ammonia urea, and uric acid), and lactic acid
What does sebum do for the skin?
It contains a chemical that helps kill bacteria and prevents the bacteria on the skin surface from invading deeper regions
Whitehead
If a sebaceous gland becomes blocked with sebum
Blackhead
If the accumulated material of the whitehead oxidizes and dries, it darkens
What does hair do? (head, nose, eyes)
Guards the head against bumps, eyelashes shield the eyes, nose hairs help keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tracts
What does brown toned skin have?
A lot of melanin
What do light skinned people have?
Less melanin, the crimson color of oxygen rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood supply flushes through the transparent cell layers above (gives the skin a rosy glow)
What do eccrine glands contain?
Ducts
What is important about eccrine glands?
It is a part of the body’s heat regulating equipment
What are the eccrine glands supplied with?
Nerve endings, it causes them to secrete sweat when the external temperature or body temperature is high
Where are the appocrine glands?
Mostly in the axillary (armpit) and genital areas
Are eccrine or appocrine glands larger?
appocrine
Where do the appocrine glands empty into?
The hair follicles
What do appocrine gland secretions contain?
Fatty acids, proteins, salts, vitamin C, metabolic wastes (ammonia urea, and uric acid), and lactic acid
What color are appocrine gland secretions?
Milky or yellowish
How do appocrine glands create odor?
It is odorless until bacteria that live on the skin use its proteins and fats as a source of nutrition for their growth, then taking on a musky unpleasant odor
What is hair?
A flexible epithelial structure
What is hair produced by?
The hair follicle
What is the hair root?
The part enclosed in the follicle
What is the hair shaft?
The part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin
What is the nail?
A scale like modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals
What is the free edge?
The end white part of the nail
What is the nail body?
The visible attached portion (underneath is the basale)
What is the nail bed?
The part by the cuticle that is embedded in the skin
What is the nail matrix responsible for?
Nail growth
How do nails grow?
As the nail cells are produced by the matrix they become heavily keratinized and die. Like hair, the nails are mostly non living material
What are are sweat glands called?
Sudoriferous glands
What does sudor mean?
Sweat
Where are sweat glands?
Widely distributed in the skin
How many sweat glands does a person have?
More than 2.5 million
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Eccrine glands and apocrine glands
What do the sebaceous glands create?
Sebum
What prefix means grease?
Seb
What is sebum made out of?
A mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells
What does sebum do to the hair?
It is a lubricant that keeps the hair soft and moist and keeps it from becoming brittle
What are the two types of cutaneous glands?
Sebaceous and sweat
Where are sebaceous glands found?
All over the skin, except for hands and feet
How do sebaceous glands excrete things?
Their ducts usually empty into hair follicles, but sometimes directly onto the skin surface
What kind of glands are cutaneous glands?
Exocrine glands
What do exocrine glands do?
They retain their ducts and their secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface
What do endocrine glands do?
They lose their connection to the surface, their secretions empty directly into the blood vessels
What are endocrine glands called?
Ductless glands
What three pigments contribute to skin color?
Melanin, Carotene, and oxygen
What is carotene?
An orange/red pigment and is represented by the amount deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue
What does oxygen do in the skin?
The amount bound to hemoglobin (pigment in red blood cells) in the dermal blood vessels
What is the reticular layer and what does it contain?
Deepest skin layer; contains blood vessels, sweat and oild glands, and the pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure receptors)
Where are the dermal papillae located?
On the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
How are dermal papillae arranged?
In definite patterns that form looped and whorled edges (fingerprints)
What do the dermal papillae do to the epidermal surface?
Increases friction and enhances the gripping ability of the fingers and feet
What do the dermal papillae contain?
Capillary loops
What do the capillary loops in the dermal papillae do?
Furnish nutrients to the epidermis
What do other dermal papillae house?
Pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch receptors
What is melanin?
A pigment that ranges from yellow to reddish brown to black
How is melanin produced?
By cells called melanocytes
Where is melanin found?
In the stratum basale
How does skin turn tan?
When the skin is exposed to sunlight the melanocytes become stimulated and more melanin pigment is produced
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis called?
Strata
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum
How do the epidermis and dermis relate to each other?
THey are firmly connective
How do the dermis and epidermis separate?
A burn or friction may cause them to separate, resulting in a blister
Where is the subcutaneous tissue located?
Deep in the dermis
What is the subcutaneous tissue called?
Hypodermis
What are keratinocytes?
Keratin cells
What do keratinocytes produce?
Keratin
What is keratin?
The fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer
What is the subcutaneous tissue made up of?
Adipose tissue
Something specific about the subcutaneous tissue
Not considered a part of the skin
What does the subcutaneous tissue do?
Anchors the skin to underlying organs
What is the stratum basale?
Deepest cell layer of the epidermis and lies closest to the dermis
What is special about the epidermal cells in the stratus basale?
Contains the only epidermal cells that receive adequate nourishment via diffusion of nutrients from the dermis
What is constantly happening in the basale?
Cell division, millions of new cells are produced daily
What is the stratum corneum?
The outermost layer of the epidermal tissue
What is the stratus corneum also referred to as?
Cornified or horny cells
What does cornu mean in Latin?
Horn
How thick is the stratus corneum?
About 20-30 cell layers thick and accounts for 3/4 of the epidermal thickness
What does keratin do in the stratus corneum?
Abundance of keratin creates a durable over coat
What does the stratus corneum do?
Protects deeper cells from the hostile external environment and water loss, and helps the body resist biological, chemical, and physical assults
What does avascular mean?
No blood supply of its own (like the epidermis)
What is the dermis and what two regions does it consist of?
Dense fibrous tissue, the papillary and the reticular
What does the papillary layer have in it?
It is uneven and has dermal papillae
What is the papillary layer?
The upper dermal region
What does the papillary layer look like?
It had finger like projections from its superior surface, and indents the epidermis
What is the cutaneous membrane?
Our skin and the superficial epidermis
What is the cutaneous membrane consisted of?
Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
What is under the cutaneous membrane?
Mostly dense fibrous connective tissue
