Nerves & Senses Flashcards
1
Q
aka: periorbital ecchymosis
A
raccoon eyes
2
Q
aka: retinopathy of prematurity
A
retrolental fibroplasia
3
Q
abnormal growth of blood vessels in retinas of premature infants
A
retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
4
Q
describe the group of preemies that get routinely screened for retinopathy of prematurity
A
< 1500g or gestational age of < 30 weeks when infant is 4-6 weeks old
5
Q
cause of retinopathy of prematurity
A
preemie, low birth weight, high supplemental oxygen concentration, drugs, artificial lighting, seizures, mechanical ventilation, anemia, blood transfusions, spells of apnea & bradycardia
6
Q
how is retinopathy of prematurity diagnosed
A
indirect ophthalmoscope and scleral depression
7
Q
complications of retinopathy of prematurity
A
blindness, crossed/wandering eyes, lazy eye, nearsightedness, glaucoma, late onset retinal detachment
8
Q
what is the most common crippling condition in children
A
cerebral palsy
9
Q
can retinopathy of prematurity be prevented
A
no
10
Q
congenital or acquired damage to CNS
A
cerebral palsy
11
Q
how many types of cerebral palsy are there
A
3
12
Q
list the 3 types of cerebral palsy
A
spastic, athetoid, ataxic
13
Q
cause of cerebral palsy
A
poor blood/oxygen supply during development/birth/early childhood
14
Q
cerebral palsy is more common in
A
men
15
Q
how is cerebral palsy diagnosed
A
clinical picture and neurologic exam
16
Q
group of malformations of spine where posterior part of bony canal completely/partially absent
A
spina bifida
17
Q
aka: spina bifida
A
neural tube defects
18
Q
list the 3 different types of spina bifida
A
- spina bifida occulta
- meningocele
- myelomeningocele
19
Q
this version of spina bifida only involves the vertebrae
A
spina bifida occulta
20
Q
cause of spina bifida
A
- exposure to radiation
- reduced levels of vitamin A and folic acid
21
Q
how is spina bifida diagnosed
A
maternal blood levels of AFP, prenatal ultrasound, physical exam, neurologic sx, spinal ultrasound
22
Q
meninges protrude through opening of spine forming sac filled w/CSF
A
meningocele
23
Q
tx meningocele and myelomeningocele
A
surgery
24
Q
condition where spinal cord & meninges protrude thru spinal cord
A
myelomeningocele
25
aka: myelomeningocele
spinal bifida cystica
26
increase in CSF/CSF circulation blocked creating head enlargement/increase in cranial pressure
hydrocephalus
27
the cause of hydrocephalus is unknown, however what are some potential theories
lesion in CSF system, congenital structural defect, intracranial hemorrhage
28
how is hydrocephalus diagnosed
clinical picture, physical exam, xray skull studies, CT, MRI
29
tx: hydrocephalus
shunt and catheters
30
most severe neuro defect where fetus has no cranial vault and little cerebral tissue
aencephaly
31
how is anencephaly diagnosed
prenatal ultrasound and elevated AFP levels in blood test
32
cause of anencephaly
failure of neural tube to close during 2nd-3rd week of gestation
33
anencephaly is ___ and affects ____ more than ____
familial; affects females more than males
34
combination of brain disease and fatty invasion of inner organs
reye syndrome
35
the cause of reye syndrome is unknown, but its occurrence is linked to
using aspirin during viral infection (specifically flu or chicken pox)
36
how is reye syndrome diagnosed
- elevated serum ammonia levels
- elevated enzyme level on liver function test
- liver biopsy
- CSF analysis
37
cancer of sympathetic nervous system
neuroblastoma
38
what ist he third most common childhood malignancy
neuroblastoma
39
how is neuroblastoma diagnosed
- measure urine & serum catecholamine levels
- electrolyte & kidney function
- biopsy of mass
- bone marrow aspiration & biopsy
- radionuclide bone scan
- abdominal CT
- chest xray
40
tx: nueroblastoma
surgery, chemotherapy, autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue
41
aka: hyperopia
farsightedness
42
cause of hyperopia
abnormally short eyeball
43
light focuses beyond retina causing unable to see close up
hyperopia
44
light focuses in front of retina so cannot see far away
myopia
45
cause of myopia
abnormally long eyeball
46
aka: myopia
nearsightedness
47
condition where cornea is not spherical
astigmatism
48
lens cannot focus on near objects bc of lack of elasticity from age
presbyopia
49
when does presbyopia generally start
mid 40s
50
tx: refractive errors
- glasses
- contacts
- corrective surgery (radial keratotomy, laser, LASIK, PRK, AK, LTK, CK, Intraocular contact lens)
51
condition with involuntary repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes
nystagmus
52
cause of nystagmus
congenital, brain or inner ear lesions, alcohol, drug abuse, brian tumors, cerebrovascular lesions, abnormal development of nervous system
53
what is the most common form of nystagmus
congenital
54
congenital nystagmus commonly manifests
before 6 months-1yr
55
tx: nystagmus
- treat underlying cause
- Kestenbaum procedure
56
condition where eyes fail to look in same direction @ same time
strabismus
57
cause of strabismus
- weakness in nerves stimulating eye muscles
- diabetes mellitus
- muscular dystrophy
- hypertension
- trauma
- aneurysm
- intracranial lesion
- temporal arteritis
58
tx: strabismus
glasses, surgery, ambylopia tx
59
aka: hordeolum
stye
60
condition of acute painful abscesses of eyelash follicle/sebaceous gland
hordeolum
61
cause of hordeolum
staphylococcal infection, blepharitis
62
tx: hordeolum
warm compress, topical or oral antibiotics, surgical drainage
63
condition with small firm nonmobile painless subcutaneous nodule with occlusion of meibomian gland
chalazion
64
cause of chalazia
blockage of fluid from meibomian gland
65
tx: chalazia
let run its course, warm compress, topical antibiotics, corticosteroid injection, surgical removal
66
any inflammation or infection to kornea
keratitis
67
cause of keratitis
- herpes simplex
- bacteria
- fungi
- wearing contacts
- cornea trauma
- exposure to dry air or intense light
68
tx: keratitis
- broadspectrum antibiotic or antiviral
- ophthalmic moisturizing ointments and drops
- eye patch
69
inflammation of margins of eyelids involving hair follicles and glands
blepharitis
70
cause of blepharitis
- staphylococcus infection
- allergies
- exposure to smoke/dust/chemicals
- seborrhea
71
tx: blepharitis
- warm compress
- clean eyelids w/baby shampoo
- antibiotic ophthalmic ointments
72
condition where eyelids turn inwards
entropion
73
cause of entropion
aging (soft tissue loses elasticity)
74
tx: entropion
surgery
75
condition where eyelid everts from eye
ectropion
76
cause of ectropion
- aging (decreased elasticity)
- scar on cheek
77
tx: ectropion
surgery
78
condition of permanent drooping of upper eyelid
blepharoptosis
79
aka: blepharoptosis
ptosis
80
cause of blepharoptosis
- weakness of CN III
- weakness of muscle raising eyelid
- disease
81
cause of conjunctivitis
- viral or bacterial infection
- allergies
- chemicals
- STDs
82
tx: conjunctivitis
- cool compress
- topical/systemic antibiotics
83
condition where tears don't lubricate eyes enough
keratoconjunctivitis
84
aka: keratoconjunctivitis
dry eye syndrome
85
cause of keratoconjunctivitis
- aging
- other disorders
- medications
- damage to tear glands
- temperature damage
- increased tear evaporation
86
list risk factors for keratoconjunctivitis
- female
- > 50 years
- wearing contacts
- diet deficient in vitamin A
87
tx: keratoconjunctivitis
- OTC eye drops
- meds (cyclosporin ophthalmic emulsion, lifitegrast ophthalmic solution)
- lifestyle changes
- wear contacts properly
88
painful loss of surface epithelium or outer layer of cornea
corneal abrasion
89
infection of cornea
corneal ulcer
90
cause of corneal abrasions and ulcers
foreign bodies & ill-fitting contacts
91
how are corneal abrasions and ulcers diagnosed
- sx
- visual exam
- fluorescein stain
- opaque area on cornea
92
tx: corneal abrasions
- remove foreign body
- antibiotic ointments/drops
- eye dressing
93
tx: corneal ulcer
intensive broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy
94
inflammation of deeper sclera
scleritis
95
inflammation of external surface of sclera
episcleritis
96
small blood vessel rupture under conjunctiva
spontaneous subconjunctival hemorrhage
97
cause of spontaneous subconjunctival hemorrhage
- violent sneezing
- severe coughing
- vomiting
- straining
- eye trauma
- unknown
98
tx: spontaneous subconjunctival hemorrhage
resolves spontaneously
99
how is episcleritis diagnosed
ophthalmic exam, blood test, ultrasound, MRI
100
opacification of natural lens
cataract
101
cause of cataracts
- aging
- congenital
- ocular trauma
- drug toxicity
- systemic disease
- exposure to sunlight
102
what % of the population 75 yrs and older in the US have cataracts
50%
103
tx: cataracts
surgery & phacoemulsification
104
what is the most common cataract tx
phacoemulsification
105
damage to optic nerve bc of elevated IOP
glaucoma
106
glaucoma is more common in ppl ___
60 yrs and older
107
what are the four types of glaucoma
- chronic open angle
- acute angle closure
- secondary
- congenital
108
list the risk factors for glaucoma
- > 60 yrs
- blood relatives w/glaucoma
- nearsightedness
- african american
109
cause of chronic open-angle glaucoma
- block @ level of trabecular meshwork
- trauma
- overuse of topical steroids
110
list risk factors of chronic open angle glaucoma
- family history
- age
- diabetes mellitus
- ocular trauma
- obesity
111
what is the leading cause of blindness in african americans
glaucoma
112
how is chronic open angle glaucoma diagnosed
- pt history
- ophthalmic exam w/tonometry
- exam of optic nerve
- visual field analysis
113
tx: chronic open angle glaucoma
- meds decreasing aqueous humor
- laser tx
- trabeculectomy
- drainage implantation
- eye drops
114
cause of acute angle-closure glaucoma
opening of drainage system narrow and closes completely
115
how is acute angle-closure glaucoma diagnosed
pt history & notable increase in IOP
116
tx: acute angle-closure glaucoma
laser iridotomy
117
progressive deterioration or break down of macula of retina
macular degeneration
118
cause of macular degeneration
age, genetic, prolonged exposure to light
119
what is the most common cause of blindness in white americans
age related macular degeneration
120
how is macular degeneration diagnosed
- eye exam w/dilation
- pigment changes in macula area
- drusen deposits
- fluorescein angiography
121
tx: macular degeneration
- vitamin C and E, beta-carotene, zine supplements
- photodynamic laser therapy
- laser photocoagulation
- anti-vascular endothelial growth
- visual aids
122
cause of diabetic retinopathy
diabetes mellitus
123
list the four stages of diabetic retinopathy
- mild nonproliferative
- moderate nonproliferative
- severe nonproliferative
- proliferative
124
tx: diabetic retinopathy
- laser photocoagulation
- panrentinal photocoagulation
- manage blood sugar
- vitrectomy
125
separation of retina from choroid
retinal detachment
126
cause of retinal detachment
- severe diabetic retinopathy
- ocular trauma
- extremely nearsightedness
- retinal atrophy
127
tx: retinal detachment
photocoagulation or surgery
128
inflammation of uveal tract
uveitis
129
cause of uveitis
- autoimmune disorders (RA and ankylosing spondylitis)
- syphilis
- TB
- toxoplasmosis
- histoplasmosis
- IBD
- unknown
130
how is uveitis diagnosed
- ophthalmological exam w/slit lamp
- skin test
- blood test
131
tx: uveitis
- topical/systemic steroids
- tx underlying cause
- cycloplegic agents
132
protrusion of eyes
exophthalmos
133
cause of exophthalmos
- enlarges extraocular muscles
- retrobulbar mass
- edema of soft tissue
- thyroid disorders
134
tx: exophthalmos
- tx underlying disorder
- surgical decompression
- systemic steroids
135
what is the most common primary malignancy of the eye in kids and causes 3% of all childhood cancers
retinoblastoma
136
what are the most common ocular cancers in adults
ocular melanoma and intraocular lymphoma
137
how are eye cancers diagnosed
- eye exam
- fundoscopic exam
- MRI
- biopsy
- ultrasound
- genetic testing
138
tx: eye cancer
- excision of tumor
- removal of eye
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- laser therapy
139
cause of impacted cerumen
dryness, scaling of skin, excessive hair in ear canal, abnormally narrow ear canals
140
tx: impacted cerumen
ear irrigation
141
inflammation of external ear canal
infective otitis externa
142
aka: infective otitis externa
otitis externa
143
cause of infective otitis externa
impacted cerumen
144
tx: infective otitis externa
- good hygiene
- antibiotic/steroid eardrops
- systemic antibiotics
145
inflammation and infection from outer ear canal fed by cerumen
swimmer's ear
146
inflammation of air-filled middle ear and fluid accumulates
otitis media
147
what are the 2 types of otitis media
supperative and nonsupperative
148
cause of otitis media
virus from URI, allergic reaction, bacteria, flu/mumps
149
how is otitis media diagnosed
otoscopy, elevated WBCs, tympanogram
150
tx: otitis media
analgesics/decongestants, antibiotics, myringotomy
151
abnormal bone growth in middle ear (gen stapes)
otosclerosis
152
cause of otosclerosis
idiopathic
153
tx: otosclerosis
stapedectomy
154
chronic disease of inner ear affecting labyrinth
meniere disease
155
cause of meniere disease
unknown; increase in endolymph
156
list risk factors for Meniere's disease
- middle ear infections
- head trauma
- dysfunction in ANS
- noise pollution
- premenstrual edema
157
how is otosclerosis diagnosed
audiogram, pt history, otoscopy
158
how is meniere disease diagnosed
- 4 core sx (recurring vertigo, tinnitus, progressive hearing loss, sensation of fullness)
- audiometry
- balance studies
- imaging
- electrocochleograph
159
tx: meniere disease
- meds to manage sx
- salt-free diet
- restrict fluid
- diuretics
- meclizine
- mild sedatives
- limit caffeine and alcohol
- stop smoking
- avoid stress
- surgery
160
vestibular disorder with positional vertigo
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
161
cause of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
heat trauma, otitis media, viral infection, vascular, balance/equilibrium disorder, unknown
162
how is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo diagnosed
pt history & exam, audiogram, imaging, caloric stimulation, blood labs
163
tx: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
antihistamines, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, exercises
164
inflammation/infection of labyrinth
labyrinthitis
165
cause of labyrinthitis
virus, bacterial infection, meningitis
166
how is labyrinthitis diagnosed
- audiometry
- blood, neurologic, caloric, and imaging studies
167
tx: labyrinthitis
bed rest, tranquilizer, antiemetic agent, antibiotic, antihistamines, corticosteroids
168
any tear or injury to eardrum
ruptured tympanic membrane
169
cause of ruptured tympanic membrane
- insertion of sharp objects
- explosions
- severe middle ear infection
- blow to ear
- fractured skull
- spontaneous
170
how is ruptured eardrum diagnosed
otoscope and audiometry
171
tx: ruptured eardrum
antibiotic, patch, analgesics
172
infected mass of skin cells in middle ear eroding the bone and damaging the ossicles
cholesteatoma
173
cause of cholesteatoma
congenital or chronic ear infection
174
tx: cholesteatoma
removal or surgery
175
list possible complications of cholesteatoma
erosion of facial nerve, facial paralysis, labyrinthitis, meningitis, epidural abscess
176
inflammation of mastoid or mastoid process
mastoiditis
177
cause of mastoiditis
Haemophilusemophilus influenza, moraxella catarrhalis, group A streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, cholesteatoma
178
how is mastoiditis diagnosed
pt history, otoscopy, audiometry, radiographic studies, blood culture studies
179
tx: mastoiditis
antibiotic, sulfonamide therapy, surgery
180
nerve impulses from sound waves not transmitted to brain
sensorineural hearing loss
181
aka: sensorineural hearing loss
occupational hearing loss
182
cause of sensorineural hearing loss
nerve failure, damage to cochlea or auditory nerve, age, loud sounds, medications, mumps, measles, syphilis, meningitis, suppurative labyrinthitis, viral infection, trauma
183
how is sensorinueral hearing loss diagnosed
pt history & audiometry findings
184
tx: sensorineural hearing loss
reduce noise & ear protectors
185
acoustic neuromas, facial neuromas, and glomus tumors are ____ tumors
benign
186
glomus tumors are found in
middle ear
187
acoustic neuromas are found from
CN VIII
