Circulatory & Lymphatic Flashcards
what is a major cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
congenital heart disorder where part of heart muscle thickens w/o known cause
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
unknown but it is an inherited autosomal dominant trait
how is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosed
EKG, radiography, cardiac MRI, genetic test
tx hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- beta-blockers & calcium channel blockers for arrhythmia
- pacemaker/implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
- surgical myectomy
- avoid strenuous exercise and stressful situations
prognosis for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
high risk for sudden death but some may live normal lives
list acyanotic cardiovascular defects
- ventricular septal defect
- patent ductus arteriosus
- coarctation of the aorta
- atrial septal defect
list cyanotic cardiovascular defects
- tetralogy of fallot
- transposition of the great arteries
- tricuspid atresia
- truncus ateriosus
- total anomalous pulmonary venous return
define acyanotic cardiovascular defects
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood DO NOT mix and cyanosis is NOT present
what is the most common congenital cardiac disorder
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
abnormal opening between right and left ventricles
ventricular septal defect
likelihood of patent ductus arteriosus
fairly common in premature infants and accompanies ASD
ductus fails to functionally close causing abnormal opening between aorta and pulmonary veins
patent ductus arteriosus
tx patent ductus arteriosus
drug therapy (antiprostaglandin or ibuprofen) or surgery
narrowed aortic lumen causing partial obstructed flow through aorta
coarctation of aorta
coarctation of the aorta is often associated with
turner syndrome
abnormal opening between right and left atrium
atrial septal defect
how does blood generally shunt in atrial septal defect
left to right
tx atrial septal defect
surgery
atrial septal defect is often associated with
prematurity and patent ductus arteriosus
condition/defect causing arterial blood to not be fully oxygenated causing cyanosis
cyanotic defect
what is the most common cyanotic cardiac defect
tetralogy of fallot
combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposition of aorta (overriding VSD), and right ventricular hypertrophy
tetralogy of fallot
tightening of pulmonary valve or vessel
pulmonary stenosis
aorta displaced to the right
dextroposition of aorta
aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed so aorta comes from right ventricle and pulmonary artery comes from left ventricle
transposition of the great arteries
what is the result of transposition of the great arteries
closed loop circulatory system between heart and lungs and then heart and circulation
how is transposition of the great arteries diagnosed
- physical exam & pt history
- chest xray
- blood test
- cardiac catheterization
- ECG and echocardiography
- prenatal ultrasound
enlargement of lymphoid tissue causing partial breathing blockage
adenoid hyperplasia
the cause of adenoid hyperplasia is unknown but list its risk factors
repeated infections, chronic allergies, heredity
how is adenoid hyperplasia diagnosed
- lateral pharyngeal radiographs
- nasopharyngoscopic exam
tx: adenoid hyperplasia
adenoidectomy
reduction of RBCs or hemoglobin concentration
anemia
causes of anemia
iron deficiency, acute/chronic blood loss, decreased blood formation, nutrition deficiency disorder, hemolytic disease, inhibition/loss of bone marrow, sickle cell disease
how is anemia diagnosed
- physical exam
- lab testing (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, serum iron levels, RBC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, bone marrow studies)
tx anemia
dependent on cause
cancer of bone marrow w/increase in immature WBCs or undifferentiated blastocytes
leukemia
what is the most common childhood cancer
leukemia
how is leukemia diagnosed
peripheral blood smear, leukocytosis, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, bone marrow aspiration, chromosome analysis, lumbar puncture, lab test
tx leukemia
chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, psychological support
aka erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of newborn
fetal and maternal blood incompatible causing RBC destruction
erythroblastosis fetalis
cause of erythroblastosis fetalis
incompatible Rh factor
how is erythroblastosis fetalis diagnosed
blood typing, direct Coombs test, test amniotic fluid, bilirubin test
tx erythroblastosis fetalis
intrauterine transfusions, early delivery, phototherapy, albumin transfusions
coronary arteries become narrowed bc of atherosclerotic deposits over time causing temporary cardiac ischemia and eventually MIs
coronary artery disease
chest pain caused by ischemia during/shortly after exertion from reduced oxygen supply to myocardium
angina pectoris
death of myocardial tissue from development of ischemia
myocardial infarction
sudden unexpected cessation of cardiac activity
cardiac arrest
abnormal heart pumping function generally after stressful/exciting event
broken heart syndrome
aka broken heart syndrome
takotsubo cardiomyopathy
acute/chronic inability of heart to pump enough blood throughout body to meet demands of homeostasis
congestive heart failure
aka cor pulmonale
right sided heart disease
enlargement of right ventricle as sequela of primary lung disease
cor pulmonale
condition of fluid shift into extravascular spaces of lungs
pulmonary edem
noninflammatory disease of cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of myocardium and ventricular dysfunction
cardiomyopathy
acute/chronic inflammation of pericardium
pericarditis
inflammation of muscular walls of heart
myocarditis
inflammation of lining and valves of heart
endocarditis
systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving joints and cardiac tissue
rheumatic fever
cardiac malfunction after rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
hardening of cusps of mitral valve preventing complete and normal opening of valve for passage of blood from left atrium into left ventricle
mitral stenosis
mitral valve fails to close completely and allows blood from left ventricle to flow back into left atrium
mitral insufficiency
one or more of cusps of mitral valve protrude back into left atrium during ventricular contracttion
mitral valve prolapse
any deviation from normal heartbeat
cardiac arrhythmias
collapse of cardiovascular system including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output
shock
inadequate output of blood by heart
cardiogenic shock
compression of heart muscle and restriction of heart movement caused by blood/fluid trapped in pericardial sac
cardiac tamponade
aka cardiac tamponade
cardiac compression
clots of aggregated material that can lodge in vessels and stop blood flow
emboli
group of diseases characterized by hardening of arteries
arteriosclerosis
list the 3 forms of arteriosclerosis
- atherosclerosis
- Moncheberg arteriosclerosis
- arteriolosclerosis
thickening and hardening of arteries when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in arterial tunica intima
atherosclerosis
weakening and local dilation of wall of an artery
aneurysm
inflammation of vein
phlebitis
inflammation of vein with formation of thrombus on vessel wall
thrombophlebitis
swollen tortuous and knotted veins gen in lower legs
varicose veings
aka Thromboangiitis obliterans
buerger disease
inflammation of peripheral arteries and veins of extremities along w/clot formation
thromboangiiits obliterans
vasospastic condition of fingers/hands/feet causing pain, numbness, and discoloration of these areas
raynaud’s disease
aka agranulocytosis
neutropenia
blood dyscrasia where leukocyte levels become extremely low
agranulocytosis
abnormal increase in amount of hemoglobin, RBC count, or hematocrit causing absolute increase in RBC mass
polycythemia
dyscrasia involving reduction in clotting capability of blood
thrombocytopenia
malignant neoplasms of blood forming organs (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)
leukemia
overproduction of immature lymphoid cells in bone marrow and lymph nodes
acute lymphocytic leukemia
neoplasm involving lymphocytes and slowly progresses causing accumulation of mature appearing by hypofunctional lymphoctes
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
rapidly progressive neoplasm of cells committed to myeloid line of development
acute myelogenous leukemia
aka acute myelogenous leukemia
acute myeloid, myelocytic, granulocytic leukemia
aka chronic myelogenous leukemia
chronic myeloid; myelocytic leukemia
slowly progressing neoplasm arising in hematopoietic stem cell or early progenitor cell causing excess of mature appearing but hypofunctional neutrophils
chronic myelogenous leukemia
abnormal collection of lymph gen in extremeties
lymphedema
inflammation of lymph vessels
lymphangitis
cancer of lymphatic system with Reed Sternberg cells
hodgkin lymphoma
number of heterogeneous neoplasms of lymphoid cells exhibiting wide variety of s/s
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
blood/blood products transfused has antibodies to recipient’s RBCs or recipient has antibodies to donor’s RBCs
transfusion incompatibility reaction
heredity bleeding disorder resulting from deficiency of clotting factors
classic hemophilia
simultaneous hemorrhage and thrombosis occuring secondary to other diseases/traumatic events
disseminated intravascular coagulation
