Circulatory & Lymphatic Flashcards
1
Q
what is a major cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes
A
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
2
Q
congenital heart disorder where part of heart muscle thickens w/o known cause
A
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
3
Q
cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A
unknown but it is an inherited autosomal dominant trait
4
Q
how is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosed
A
EKG, radiography, cardiac MRI, genetic test
5
Q
tx hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A
- beta-blockers & calcium channel blockers for arrhythmia
- pacemaker/implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
- surgical myectomy
- avoid strenuous exercise and stressful situations
6
Q
prognosis for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A
high risk for sudden death but some may live normal lives
7
Q
list acyanotic cardiovascular defects
A
- ventricular septal defect
- patent ductus arteriosus
- coarctation of the aorta
- atrial septal defect
8
Q
list cyanotic cardiovascular defects
A
- tetralogy of fallot
- transposition of the great arteries
- tricuspid atresia
- truncus ateriosus
- total anomalous pulmonary venous return
9
Q
define acyanotic cardiovascular defects
A
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood DO NOT mix and cyanosis is NOT present
10
Q
what is the most common congenital cardiac disorder
A
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
11
Q
abnormal opening between right and left ventricles
A
ventricular septal defect
12
Q
likelihood of patent ductus arteriosus
A
fairly common in premature infants and accompanies ASD
13
Q
ductus fails to functionally close causing abnormal opening between aorta and pulmonary veins
A
patent ductus arteriosus
14
Q
tx patent ductus arteriosus
A
drug therapy (antiprostaglandin or ibuprofen) or surgery
15
Q
narrowed aortic lumen causing partial obstructed flow through aorta
A
coarctation of aorta
16
Q
coarctation of the aorta is often associated with
A
turner syndrome
17
Q
abnormal opening between right and left atrium
A
atrial septal defect
18
Q
how does blood generally shunt in atrial septal defect
A
left to right
19
Q
tx atrial septal defect
A
surgery
20
Q
atrial septal defect is often associated with
A
prematurity and patent ductus arteriosus
21
Q
condition/defect causing arterial blood to not be fully oxygenated causing cyanosis
A
cyanotic defect
22
Q
what is the most common cyanotic cardiac defect
A
tetralogy of fallot
23
Q
combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposition of aorta (overriding VSD), and right ventricular hypertrophy
A
tetralogy of fallot
24
Q
tightening of pulmonary valve or vessel
A
pulmonary stenosis
25
aorta displaced to the right
dextroposition of aorta
26
aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed so aorta comes from right ventricle and pulmonary artery comes from left ventricle
transposition of the great arteries
27
what is the result of transposition of the great arteries
closed loop circulatory system between heart and lungs and then heart and circulation
28
how is transposition of the great arteries diagnosed
- physical exam & pt history
- chest xray
- blood test
- cardiac catheterization
- ECG and echocardiography
- prenatal ultrasound
29
enlargement of lymphoid tissue causing partial breathing blockage
adenoid hyperplasia
30
the cause of adenoid hyperplasia is unknown but list its risk factors
repeated infections, chronic allergies, heredity
31
how is adenoid hyperplasia diagnosed
- lateral pharyngeal radiographs
- nasopharyngoscopic exam
32
tx: adenoid hyperplasia
adenoidectomy
33
reduction of RBCs or hemoglobin concentration
anemia
34
causes of anemia
iron deficiency, acute/chronic blood loss, decreased blood formation, nutrition deficiency disorder, hemolytic disease, inhibition/loss of bone marrow, sickle cell disease
35
how is anemia diagnosed
- physical exam
- lab testing (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, serum iron levels, RBC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, bone marrow studies)
36
tx anemia
dependent on cause
37
cancer of bone marrow w/increase in immature WBCs or undifferentiated blastocytes
leukemia
38
what is the most common childhood cancer
leukemia
39
how is leukemia diagnosed
peripheral blood smear, leukocytosis, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, bone marrow aspiration, chromosome analysis, lumbar puncture, lab test
40
tx leukemia
chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, psychological support
41
aka erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of newborn
42
fetal and maternal blood incompatible causing RBC destruction
erythroblastosis fetalis
43
cause of erythroblastosis fetalis
incompatible Rh factor
44
how is erythroblastosis fetalis diagnosed
blood typing, direct Coombs test, test amniotic fluid, bilirubin test
45
tx erythroblastosis fetalis
intrauterine transfusions, early delivery, phototherapy, albumin transfusions
46
coronary arteries become narrowed bc of atherosclerotic deposits over time causing temporary cardiac ischemia and eventually MIs
coronary artery disease
47
chest pain caused by ischemia during/shortly after exertion from reduced oxygen supply to myocardium
angina pectoris
48
death of myocardial tissue from development of ischemia
myocardial infarction
49
sudden unexpected cessation of cardiac activity
cardiac arrest
50
abnormal heart pumping function generally after stressful/exciting event
broken heart syndrome
51
aka broken heart syndrome
takotsubo cardiomyopathy
52
acute/chronic inability of heart to pump enough blood throughout body to meet demands of homeostasis
congestive heart failure
53
aka cor pulmonale
right sided heart disease
54
enlargement of right ventricle as sequela of primary lung disease
cor pulmonale
55
condition of fluid shift into extravascular spaces of lungs
pulmonary edem
56
noninflammatory disease of cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of myocardium and ventricular dysfunction
cardiomyopathy
57
acute/chronic inflammation of pericardium
pericarditis
58
inflammation of muscular walls of heart
myocarditis
59
inflammation of lining and valves of heart
endocarditis
60
systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving joints and cardiac tissue
rheumatic fever
61
cardiac malfunction after rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
62
hardening of cusps of mitral valve preventing complete and normal opening of valve for passage of blood from left atrium into left ventricle
mitral stenosis
63
mitral valve fails to close completely and allows blood from left ventricle to flow back into left atrium
mitral insufficiency
64
one or more of cusps of mitral valve protrude back into left atrium during ventricular contracttion
mitral valve prolapse
65
any deviation from normal heartbeat
cardiac arrhythmias
66
collapse of cardiovascular system including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output
shock
67
inadequate output of blood by heart
cardiogenic shock
68
compression of heart muscle and restriction of heart movement caused by blood/fluid trapped in pericardial sac
cardiac tamponade
69
aka cardiac tamponade
cardiac compression
70
clots of aggregated material that can lodge in vessels and stop blood flow
emboli
71
group of diseases characterized by hardening of arteries
arteriosclerosis
72
list the 3 forms of arteriosclerosis
- atherosclerosis
- Moncheberg arteriosclerosis
- arteriolosclerosis
73
thickening and hardening of arteries when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in arterial tunica intima
atherosclerosis
74
weakening and local dilation of wall of an artery
aneurysm
75
inflammation of vein
phlebitis
76
inflammation of vein with formation of thrombus on vessel wall
thrombophlebitis
77
swollen tortuous and knotted veins gen in lower legs
varicose veings
78
aka Thromboangiitis obliterans
buerger disease
79
inflammation of peripheral arteries and veins of extremities along w/clot formation
thromboangiiits obliterans
80
vasospastic condition of fingers/hands/feet causing pain, numbness, and discoloration of these areas
raynaud's disease
81
aka agranulocytosis
neutropenia
82
blood dyscrasia where leukocyte levels become extremely low
agranulocytosis
83
abnormal increase in amount of hemoglobin, RBC count, or hematocrit causing absolute increase in RBC mass
polycythemia
84
dyscrasia involving reduction in clotting capability of blood
thrombocytopenia
85
malignant neoplasms of blood forming organs (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)
leukemia
86
overproduction of immature lymphoid cells in bone marrow and lymph nodes
acute lymphocytic leukemia
87
neoplasm involving lymphocytes and slowly progresses causing accumulation of mature appearing by hypofunctional lymphoctes
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
88
rapidly progressive neoplasm of cells committed to myeloid line of development
acute myelogenous leukemia
89
aka acute myelogenous leukemia
acute myeloid, myelocytic, granulocytic leukemia
90
aka chronic myelogenous leukemia
chronic myeloid; myelocytic leukemia
91
slowly progressing neoplasm arising in hematopoietic stem cell or early progenitor cell causing excess of mature appearing but hypofunctional neutrophils
chronic myelogenous leukemia
92
abnormal collection of lymph gen in extremeties
lymphedema
93
inflammation of lymph vessels
lymphangitis
94
cancer of lymphatic system with Reed Sternberg cells
hodgkin lymphoma
95
number of heterogeneous neoplasms of lymphoid cells exhibiting wide variety of s/s
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
96
blood/blood products transfused has antibodies to recipient's RBCs or recipient has antibodies to donor's RBCs
transfusion incompatibility reaction
97
heredity bleeding disorder resulting from deficiency of clotting factors
classic hemophilia
98
simultaneous hemorrhage and thrombosis occuring secondary to other diseases/traumatic events
disseminated intravascular coagulation
99
