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HOSA-PATHO > Circulatory & Lymphatic > Flashcards

Circulatory & Lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

what is a major cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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2
Q

congenital heart disorder where part of heart muscle thickens w/o known cause

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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3
Q

cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

unknown but it is an inherited autosomal dominant trait

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4
Q

how is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosed

A

EKG, radiography, cardiac MRI, genetic test

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5
Q

tx hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • beta-blockers & calcium channel blockers for arrhythmia
  • pacemaker/implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
  • surgical myectomy
  • avoid strenuous exercise and stressful situations
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6
Q

prognosis for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

high risk for sudden death but some may live normal lives

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7
Q

list acyanotic cardiovascular defects

A
  • ventricular septal defect
  • patent ductus arteriosus
  • coarctation of the aorta
  • atrial septal defect
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8
Q

list cyanotic cardiovascular defects

A
  • tetralogy of fallot
  • transposition of the great arteries
  • tricuspid atresia
  • truncus ateriosus
  • total anomalous pulmonary venous return
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9
Q

define acyanotic cardiovascular defects

A

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood DO NOT mix and cyanosis is NOT present

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10
Q

what is the most common congenital cardiac disorder

A

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

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11
Q

abnormal opening between right and left ventricles

A

ventricular septal defect

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12
Q

likelihood of patent ductus arteriosus

A

fairly common in premature infants and accompanies ASD

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13
Q

ductus fails to functionally close causing abnormal opening between aorta and pulmonary veins

A

patent ductus arteriosus

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14
Q

tx patent ductus arteriosus

A

drug therapy (antiprostaglandin or ibuprofen) or surgery

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15
Q

narrowed aortic lumen causing partial obstructed flow through aorta

A

coarctation of aorta

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16
Q

coarctation of the aorta is often associated with

A

turner syndrome

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17
Q

abnormal opening between right and left atrium

A

atrial septal defect

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18
Q

how does blood generally shunt in atrial septal defect

A

left to right

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19
Q

tx atrial septal defect

A

surgery

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20
Q

atrial septal defect is often associated with

A

prematurity and patent ductus arteriosus

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21
Q

condition/defect causing arterial blood to not be fully oxygenated causing cyanosis

A

cyanotic defect

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22
Q

what is the most common cyanotic cardiac defect

A

tetralogy of fallot

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23
Q

combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposition of aorta (overriding VSD), and right ventricular hypertrophy

A

tetralogy of fallot

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24
Q

tightening of pulmonary valve or vessel

A

pulmonary stenosis

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25
Q

aorta displaced to the right

A

dextroposition of aorta

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26
Q

aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed so aorta comes from right ventricle and pulmonary artery comes from left ventricle

A

transposition of the great arteries

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27
Q

what is the result of transposition of the great arteries

A

closed loop circulatory system between heart and lungs and then heart and circulation

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28
Q

how is transposition of the great arteries diagnosed

A
  • physical exam & pt history
  • chest xray
  • blood test
  • cardiac catheterization
  • ECG and echocardiography
  • prenatal ultrasound
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29
Q

enlargement of lymphoid tissue causing partial breathing blockage

A

adenoid hyperplasia

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30
Q

the cause of adenoid hyperplasia is unknown but list its risk factors

A

repeated infections, chronic allergies, heredity

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31
Q

how is adenoid hyperplasia diagnosed

A
  • lateral pharyngeal radiographs
  • nasopharyngoscopic exam
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32
Q

tx: adenoid hyperplasia

A

adenoidectomy

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33
Q

reduction of RBCs or hemoglobin concentration

A

anemia

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34
Q

causes of anemia

A

iron deficiency, acute/chronic blood loss, decreased blood formation, nutrition deficiency disorder, hemolytic disease, inhibition/loss of bone marrow, sickle cell disease

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35
Q

how is anemia diagnosed

A
  • physical exam
  • lab testing (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, serum iron levels, RBC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, bone marrow studies)
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36
Q

tx anemia

A

dependent on cause

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37
Q

cancer of bone marrow w/increase in immature WBCs or undifferentiated blastocytes

A

leukemia

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38
Q

what is the most common childhood cancer

A

leukemia

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39
Q

how is leukemia diagnosed

A

peripheral blood smear, leukocytosis, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, bone marrow aspiration, chromosome analysis, lumbar puncture, lab test

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40
Q

tx leukemia

A

chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, psychological support

41
Q

aka erythroblastosis fetalis

A

hemolytic disease of newborn

42
Q

fetal and maternal blood incompatible causing RBC destruction

A

erythroblastosis fetalis

43
Q

cause of erythroblastosis fetalis

A

incompatible Rh factor

44
Q

how is erythroblastosis fetalis diagnosed

A

blood typing, direct Coombs test, test amniotic fluid, bilirubin test

45
Q

tx erythroblastosis fetalis

A

intrauterine transfusions, early delivery, phototherapy, albumin transfusions

46
Q

coronary arteries become narrowed bc of atherosclerotic deposits over time causing temporary cardiac ischemia and eventually MIs

A

coronary artery disease

47
Q

chest pain caused by ischemia during/shortly after exertion from reduced oxygen supply to myocardium

A

angina pectoris

48
Q

death of myocardial tissue from development of ischemia

A

myocardial infarction

49
Q

sudden unexpected cessation of cardiac activity

A

cardiac arrest

50
Q

abnormal heart pumping function generally after stressful/exciting event

A

broken heart syndrome

51
Q

aka broken heart syndrome

A

takotsubo cardiomyopathy

52
Q

acute/chronic inability of heart to pump enough blood throughout body to meet demands of homeostasis

A

congestive heart failure

53
Q

aka cor pulmonale

A

right sided heart disease

54
Q

enlargement of right ventricle as sequela of primary lung disease

A

cor pulmonale

55
Q

condition of fluid shift into extravascular spaces of lungs

A

pulmonary edem

56
Q

noninflammatory disease of cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of myocardium and ventricular dysfunction

A

cardiomyopathy

57
Q

acute/chronic inflammation of pericardium

A

pericarditis

58
Q

inflammation of muscular walls of heart

A

myocarditis

59
Q

inflammation of lining and valves of heart

A

endocarditis

60
Q

systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving joints and cardiac tissue

A

rheumatic fever

61
Q

cardiac malfunction after rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

62
Q

hardening of cusps of mitral valve preventing complete and normal opening of valve for passage of blood from left atrium into left ventricle

A

mitral stenosis

63
Q

mitral valve fails to close completely and allows blood from left ventricle to flow back into left atrium

A

mitral insufficiency

64
Q

one or more of cusps of mitral valve protrude back into left atrium during ventricular contracttion

A

mitral valve prolapse

65
Q

any deviation from normal heartbeat

A

cardiac arrhythmias

66
Q

collapse of cardiovascular system including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output

A

shock

67
Q

inadequate output of blood by heart

A

cardiogenic shock

68
Q

compression of heart muscle and restriction of heart movement caused by blood/fluid trapped in pericardial sac

A

cardiac tamponade

69
Q

aka cardiac tamponade

A

cardiac compression

70
Q

clots of aggregated material that can lodge in vessels and stop blood flow

A

emboli

71
Q

group of diseases characterized by hardening of arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

72
Q

list the 3 forms of arteriosclerosis

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • Moncheberg arteriosclerosis
  • arteriolosclerosis
73
Q

thickening and hardening of arteries when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in arterial tunica intima

A

atherosclerosis

74
Q

weakening and local dilation of wall of an artery

A

aneurysm

75
Q

inflammation of vein

A

phlebitis

76
Q

inflammation of vein with formation of thrombus on vessel wall

A

thrombophlebitis

77
Q

swollen tortuous and knotted veins gen in lower legs

A

varicose veings

78
Q

aka Thromboangiitis obliterans

A

buerger disease

79
Q

inflammation of peripheral arteries and veins of extremities along w/clot formation

A

thromboangiiits obliterans

80
Q

vasospastic condition of fingers/hands/feet causing pain, numbness, and discoloration of these areas

A

raynaud’s disease

81
Q

aka agranulocytosis

A

neutropenia

82
Q

blood dyscrasia where leukocyte levels become extremely low

A

agranulocytosis

83
Q

abnormal increase in amount of hemoglobin, RBC count, or hematocrit causing absolute increase in RBC mass

A

polycythemia

84
Q

dyscrasia involving reduction in clotting capability of blood

A

thrombocytopenia

85
Q

malignant neoplasms of blood forming organs (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)

A

leukemia

86
Q

overproduction of immature lymphoid cells in bone marrow and lymph nodes

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

87
Q

neoplasm involving lymphocytes and slowly progresses causing accumulation of mature appearing by hypofunctional lymphoctes

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

88
Q

rapidly progressive neoplasm of cells committed to myeloid line of development

A

acute myelogenous leukemia

89
Q

aka acute myelogenous leukemia

A

acute myeloid, myelocytic, granulocytic leukemia

90
Q

aka chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

chronic myeloid; myelocytic leukemia

91
Q

slowly progressing neoplasm arising in hematopoietic stem cell or early progenitor cell causing excess of mature appearing but hypofunctional neutrophils

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

92
Q

abnormal collection of lymph gen in extremeties

A

lymphedema

93
Q

inflammation of lymph vessels

A

lymphangitis

94
Q

cancer of lymphatic system with Reed Sternberg cells

A

hodgkin lymphoma

95
Q

number of heterogeneous neoplasms of lymphoid cells exhibiting wide variety of s/s

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

96
Q

blood/blood products transfused has antibodies to recipient’s RBCs or recipient has antibodies to donor’s RBCs

A

transfusion incompatibility reaction

97
Q

heredity bleeding disorder resulting from deficiency of clotting factors

A

classic hemophilia

98
Q

simultaneous hemorrhage and thrombosis occuring secondary to other diseases/traumatic events

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

99
Q
A

HOSA-PATHO (12 decks)

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