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HOSA-PATHO > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

viral disease causing inflammation and swelling of parotid glands

A

mumps

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2
Q

cause: mumps

A

contact w/virus via respiratory droplets

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3
Q

what is the incubation period for mumps

A

14-21 days

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4
Q

how long is a pt with mumps contagious for

A

1-7 days

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5
Q

how is mumps diagnosed

A
  • clinical picture
  • history of exposure
  • serum amylase elevated
  • tenderness of testes
  • PCR test
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6
Q

tx: mumps

A

acetaminophen, warm/cold compress, soft/liquid diet, scrotal support, isolation

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7
Q

list complications of mumps

A
  • orchitis
  • meningitis
  • encephalitis
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8
Q

when should MMR vaccines be given

A
  • 1st dose @ 12 months
  • 2nd dose before going to school
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9
Q

acute tonsillitis is caused by many organisms but most with ___ is most common

A

group A betahemolytic streptococci

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10
Q

how is acute tonsillitis diagnosed

A

throat culture & elevated WBC count

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11
Q

tx: acute tonsillitis

A

liquid diet, penicillin, saline throat irrigations, tonsillectomy

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12
Q

hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty

A

gigantism

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13
Q

cause of gigantism

A

anterior pituitary adenoma

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14
Q

list the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, PRL (prolactin), LH

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15
Q

list the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin, ADH

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16
Q

how is gigantism diagnosed

A

clinical picture, elevated GH, pituitary MRI, CT, bone xrays

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17
Q

tx: gigantism

A
  • surgery to remove pituitary adenoma
  • meds/radiation to reduce pituitary size
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18
Q

hypersecretion of Growth hormone after puberty

A

acromegaly

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19
Q

cause of acromegaly

A

pituitary tumor of adenoma

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20
Q

how is acromegaly diagnosed

A
  • clinical picture
  • elevated GH and IGF-1
  • glucose tolerance test
  • MRI
  • pituitary CT scan
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21
Q

tx: acromegaly

A
  • surgery
  • meds/radiation to reduce pituitary size
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22
Q

deficiency or absence of any anterior pituitary hormones

A

hypopituitarism

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23
Q

causes of hypopituitarism

A

pituitary tumor, hypothalamus tumor, damage to the pituitary, panhypopituitarism, unknown

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24
Q

tx: hypopituitarism

A
  • removal of tumor
  • hormone replacement therapy
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25
Q

how is hypopituitarism diagnosed

A
  • clinical sx
  • low plasma of all/some pituitary hormones
  • xrays of skull
  • cranial CT
  • MRI
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26
Q

abnormal development of body in kids with max height of 4’10

A

dwarfism

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27
Q

cause of dwarfism

A

congenital, cranial tumor, hemorrhage, unknown

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28
Q

how is dwarfism diagnosed

A

physical exam, delayed secondary tooth eruption, fat deposits on trunk, persistently low serum GH, CT

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29
Q

tx: dwarfism

A

-somatotropin (hGH) until 5 ft
- replacement hormones

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30
Q

causes of diabetes inspidus

A
  • reduced vasopressin
  • heredity
  • insult to hypothalamus or pituitary
  • head trauma
  • cerebral edema
  • intracranial lesion
  • renal tubular resistance to vasopressin
  • unknown
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31
Q

how id diabetes insipidus diagnosed

A

almost colorless urine, low specific gravity, water restriction test

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32
Q

tx: diabetes insipidus

A

vasopressin injections, nasal sprays, oral desmopressin acetate, tx of underlying cause

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33
Q

any enlargement of thyroid gland

A

simple goiter

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34
Q

cause of simple goiter

A

deficiency of iodine

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35
Q

how is simple goiter diagnosed

A
  • physical exam
  • elevated thyrotropin
  • reduced T3 and T4
  • radioactive iodine uptake
  • thyroid ultrasound
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36
Q

tx: simple goiter

A
  • 1 drop per week of saturated solution of potassium iodine
  • add iodine to diet
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37
Q

aka: simple goiter

A

nontoxic goiter; hyperplasia of thyroid gland

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38
Q

what is adequate intake of iodized salt in diet

A

150-300 micrograms

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39
Q

list examples of goitrogenic foods

A

broccoli, cauliflower, turnips, radishes, brussel sprouts, cabbages

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40
Q

immune attacks thyroid gland

A

hashimoto thyroiditis

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41
Q

demographics of hashimoto thyroiditis

A
  • affects women 8 times more
  • 45-65 yrs
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42
Q

what is the leading cause of goiter and hypothyroidism

A

hashimoto thyroiditis

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43
Q

cause of hashimoto thyroiditis

A

heredity

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44
Q

how is hashimoto thyroiditis diagnosed

A
  • elevated serum TSH levels
  • thyroid peroxidase antibodies in blood
  • changes in thyroid gland
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45
Q

entire thyroid gland hypertrophies

A

graves disease

46
Q

cause of graves disease

A

autoimmune and genetics

47
Q

how is graves diseases diagnosed

A
  • elevated serum T3 and T4
  • low TSH
  • increased uptake of radioiodine
  • certain antithyroid IgG elevated
48
Q

tx graves disease

A
  • antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil and methimazole)
  • B blockers
  • surgery
  • radioactive iodine therapy
49
Q

hypothyroidism is more common in

A

women

50
Q

congenital hypothyroidism in infancy or early childhood

A

cretinism

51
Q

cause of cretinism

A
  • error in development
  • maternal thyroid deficiency
  • antithyroid drugs
  • diet deficient in iodine
52
Q

how is cretinism diagnosed

A
  • absence or abnormally low T4
  • thyroid scan
53
Q

tx cretinism

A

thyroid hormone

54
Q

hypothyroidism with lowmetabolic rate

A

myxedema

55
Q

severe untreated hypothyroidism and acute event

A

myxedema coma

56
Q

cause of myxedema

A
  • impaired ability to synthesize T4
  • reduced thyrotropin
  • radiation destruction of thyroid
  • surgical removal of gland/tumor
  • failure
57
Q

how is myxedema diagnosed

A
  • clinical pictures
  • abnormally low thyroid hormones
  • significantly elevated TSH
58
Q

tx myxedema

A

thyroid replacement therapy

59
Q

tx myxedema coma

A

levothyroxine sodium

60
Q

what are teh 4 main types of thyroid cancer

A

papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic

61
Q

women are nearly ___ more likely to get thyroid cancer than men

A

three times

62
Q

list risks for thyroid cancer

A
  • head and neck radiation
  • diet deficient in iodine
  • genetics
63
Q

how is thyroid cancer diagnosed

A
  • physical exam
  • fine needle aspiration
  • histologic exam
64
Q

tx thyroid cancer

A
  • surgery
  • total thyroidectomy & involved lymph nodes
  • radioiodine
  • T4 therapy
65
Q

out of all the forms of thyroid cancer, which is the most aggressive

A

anaplastic tumor

66
Q

overactivity of at least 1 parathyroid gland

A

hyperparathyroidism

67
Q

cause of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • excessive growth of one parathyroid gland
  • idiopathic hyperplasia of gland
  • renal disease
  • other disorders
68
Q

how is hyperparathyroidism diagnosed

A

elevated serum intact PTH, increased calcium, reduced phosphorus, increased alkaline phosphatase, high urine calcium low bone mineral denstiy, DEXA

69
Q

tx hyperparathyroidism

A
  • surgery
  • meds that increase excretion of calcium
70
Q

cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

surgical destruction of parathyroid glands, injury, ischemia, accidental radiation, neoplasia, disease, congenital, autoimmune

71
Q

how is hypoparathyroidism diagnosed

A

neuromuscular hyperexcitability, clinical picture, history of possible insult, presence of trousseau phenomenon, reduced serum calcium levels, increased serum phosphate, increased QT and ST intervals, reduced PTH

72
Q

tx hypoparathyroidism

A

calcium replacement therapy w/vitamin D

73
Q

chronic hypersecretion of adrenal cortex w/excessive cortisol

A

cushing syndrome

74
Q

cause of cushing syndrome

A

hyperplasia of adrenal gland, excessive secretion of ACTH, adrenal cortex tumor, corticotropin production in another organ, prolonged admin/large doses of glucocorticoids

75
Q

how is cushing syndrome diagnosed

A

clinical picture, continuous elevation of serum cortisol levels, cortisol levels elevated in 24 hr urine collection, CT, MRI

76
Q

tx cushing syndrome

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • drug therapy
77
Q

partial/complete failure of adrenocortical function

A

addison disease

78
Q

cause of addison disease

A

autoimmune, TB, hemorrhage, fungal infection, neoplasms, surgical resection, familial, hypopituitarism

79
Q

how is addison diseases diagnosed

A

low blood & urine cortisol levels, low serum sodium and fasting glucose, elevated serum potassium/blood urea nitrogen/lymphocyte/eosinophil/hematocrit, adrenal calcification on xrays

80
Q

tx addison disease

A
  • hormone replacement
  • correct salt & potassium levels
81
Q

life threatening emergency of sudden decreases in adrenocortical hormone levels

A

addisonian crisis

82
Q

disorder of carbs, fat, and protein metabolism

A

diabetes mellitus

83
Q

cause of diabetes mellitus

A

genetics

84
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus

A
  • infection trigger autoimmune
  • genetics
85
Q

cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus

A
  • pancreatic tumor
  • trauma to pituitary
  • endocrine disorder
  • drugs
  • genetics
86
Q

tx diabetes mellitus

A

diet, insulin, oral meds, exercise, blood & urine testing, hygienic measures

87
Q

cause of insulin reaction

A
  • excessive insulin
  • excessive exercise
  • meal delay
  • insufficient food
88
Q

tx insulin reaction

A

give sugar, glucagon, or dextrose

89
Q

cause of diabetic coma

A
  • undiagnosed diabetes
  • skipped insulin
  • excessive food
  • infection
  • stress
90
Q

tx diabetic coma

A

insulin, fluids, salt, sodium bicarbonate

91
Q

tx type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

sulfonylureas, metformin, acarbose, rosigilitazone, pramlintide, incretin hormone, bromocriptine, sodium glucose linked transporter 2, meglitinide drugs (glipizide, glyburide, repaglinide, nateglinide)

92
Q

damaged ability to process carbs during pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes

93
Q

cause of gestational diabetes

A
  • placenta destroys insulin
  • elevated estrogen and progesterone
94
Q

list risk factors of gestational diabetes

A
  • family history
  • obesity
  • maternal age > 25 yrs
95
Q

how is gestational diabetes diagnosed

A

glucose in urine on routine prenatal urine glucose test, elevated fasting glucose, glucose tolerance test, 2 hour postprandial test, glycated hemoglobin test

96
Q

tx gestational diabetes

A

diet, close monitoring, limit simple sugars, consistent moderate exercise, oral hypoglycemic agent, insulin

97
Q

sx that can increases risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

A

metabolic syndrome

98
Q

aka metabolic syndrome

A

syndrome X

99
Q

list the 5 main components of metabolic syndrome

A
  • central obestiy
  • increased BP
  • abnormally high triglyceride
  • abnormally low HDL
  • high fasting glucose
100
Q

cause of hypoglycemia

A

insulin overdose, excessive exercise, alcoholic hypoglecemia, sulfonylureas, fasting, adenoma/carcinoma, GI disorder, heredity

101
Q

how is hypoglycemia diagnosed

A
  • blood glucose < 50
  • glucose tolerance test
  • clinical picture
102
Q

tx hypoglycemia

A
  • glucagon
  • complex carb & protein snack
  • diet
103
Q

puberty before 9 yrs in boys

A

precocious puberty in boys

104
Q

cause of preciocious puberty in boys

A
  • genetic
  • intracranial pituitary or hypothalamic neoplasia
  • testicular tumor, endocrine disorder
  • sex steroids
105
Q

tx precocious puberty in boys

A
  • none if idiopathy
  • hormone therapy
  • surgery
106
Q

puberty before 8 yrs old in women

A

precocious puberty in girls

107
Q

cause of precocious puberty in girls

A

idiopathy, incranial tumors, encephalopathy, meningitis, endocrine disorders, oral contraceptives ,drug homone secretly ovarian or adrenal neoplasm

108
Q

cause of precocious puberty in girls

A

idiopathic, intracranial tumors, encephalopathy, meningitis, endocrine disorders, oral contraceptives, estrogen drugs, hormone secreting ovarian, or adrenal neoplasms

109
Q

how is precocious puberty in girls diagnosed

A
  • normal adult FSH, LH, and sex steroids
  • elevated urinalysis hormones and excretion of 17-ketosteroids
  • ultrasound
  • MRI
110
Q

tx precocious puberty in girls

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • hormone therapy
  • counseling

HOSA-PATHO (12 decks)

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