Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
viral disease causing inflammation and swelling of parotid glands
A
mumps
2
Q
cause: mumps
A
contact w/virus via respiratory droplets
3
Q
what is the incubation period for mumps
A
14-21 days
4
Q
how long is a pt with mumps contagious for
A
1-7 days
5
Q
how is mumps diagnosed
A
- clinical picture
- history of exposure
- serum amylase elevated
- tenderness of testes
- PCR test
6
Q
tx: mumps
A
acetaminophen, warm/cold compress, soft/liquid diet, scrotal support, isolation
7
Q
list complications of mumps
A
- orchitis
- meningitis
- encephalitis
8
Q
when should MMR vaccines be given
A
- 1st dose @ 12 months
- 2nd dose before going to school
9
Q
acute tonsillitis is caused by many organisms but most with ___ is most common
A
group A betahemolytic streptococci
10
Q
how is acute tonsillitis diagnosed
A
throat culture & elevated WBC count
11
Q
tx: acute tonsillitis
A
liquid diet, penicillin, saline throat irrigations, tonsillectomy
12
Q
hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty
A
gigantism
13
Q
cause of gigantism
A
anterior pituitary adenoma
14
Q
list the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
A
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, PRL (prolactin), LH
15
Q
list the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
A
oxytocin, ADH
16
Q
how is gigantism diagnosed
A
clinical picture, elevated GH, pituitary MRI, CT, bone xrays
17
Q
tx: gigantism
A
- surgery to remove pituitary adenoma
- meds/radiation to reduce pituitary size
18
Q
hypersecretion of Growth hormone after puberty
A
acromegaly
19
Q
cause of acromegaly
A
pituitary tumor of adenoma
20
Q
how is acromegaly diagnosed
A
- clinical picture
- elevated GH and IGF-1
- glucose tolerance test
- MRI
- pituitary CT scan
21
Q
tx: acromegaly
A
- surgery
- meds/radiation to reduce pituitary size
22
Q
deficiency or absence of any anterior pituitary hormones
A
hypopituitarism
23
Q
causes of hypopituitarism
A
pituitary tumor, hypothalamus tumor, damage to the pituitary, panhypopituitarism, unknown
24
Q
tx: hypopituitarism
A
- removal of tumor
- hormone replacement therapy
25
how is hypopituitarism diagnosed
- clinical sx
- low plasma of all/some pituitary hormones
- xrays of skull
- cranial CT
- MRI
26
abnormal development of body in kids with max height of 4'10
dwarfism
27
cause of dwarfism
congenital, cranial tumor, hemorrhage, unknown
28
how is dwarfism diagnosed
physical exam, delayed secondary tooth eruption, fat deposits on trunk, persistently low serum GH, CT
29
tx: dwarfism
-somatotropin (hGH) until 5 ft
- replacement hormones
30
causes of diabetes inspidus
- reduced vasopressin
- heredity
- insult to hypothalamus or pituitary
- head trauma
- cerebral edema
- intracranial lesion
- renal tubular resistance to vasopressin
- unknown
31
how id diabetes insipidus diagnosed
almost colorless urine, low specific gravity, water restriction test
32
tx: diabetes insipidus
vasopressin injections, nasal sprays, oral desmopressin acetate, tx of underlying cause
33
any enlargement of thyroid gland
simple goiter
34
cause of simple goiter
deficiency of iodine
35
how is simple goiter diagnosed
- physical exam
- elevated thyrotropin
- reduced T3 and T4
- radioactive iodine uptake
- thyroid ultrasound
36
tx: simple goiter
- 1 drop per week of saturated solution of potassium iodine
- add iodine to diet
37
aka: simple goiter
nontoxic goiter; hyperplasia of thyroid gland
38
what is adequate intake of iodized salt in diet
150-300 micrograms
39
list examples of goitrogenic foods
broccoli, cauliflower, turnips, radishes, brussel sprouts, cabbages
40
immune attacks thyroid gland
hashimoto thyroiditis
41
demographics of hashimoto thyroiditis
- affects women 8 times more
- 45-65 yrs
42
what is the leading cause of goiter and hypothyroidism
hashimoto thyroiditis
43
cause of hashimoto thyroiditis
heredity
44
how is hashimoto thyroiditis diagnosed
- elevated serum TSH levels
- thyroid peroxidase antibodies in blood
- changes in thyroid gland
45
entire thyroid gland hypertrophies
graves disease
46
cause of graves disease
autoimmune and genetics
47
how is graves diseases diagnosed
- elevated serum T3 and T4
- low TSH
- increased uptake of radioiodine
- certain antithyroid IgG elevated
48
tx graves disease
- antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil and methimazole)
- B blockers
- surgery
- radioactive iodine therapy
49
hypothyroidism is more common in
women
50
congenital hypothyroidism in infancy or early childhood
cretinism
51
cause of cretinism
- error in development
- maternal thyroid deficiency
- antithyroid drugs
- diet deficient in iodine
52
how is cretinism diagnosed
- absence or abnormally low T4
- thyroid scan
53
tx cretinism
thyroid hormone
54
hypothyroidism with lowmetabolic rate
myxedema
55
severe untreated hypothyroidism and acute event
myxedema coma
56
cause of myxedema
- impaired ability to synthesize T4
- reduced thyrotropin
- radiation destruction of thyroid
- surgical removal of gland/tumor
- failure
57
how is myxedema diagnosed
- clinical pictures
- abnormally low thyroid hormones
- significantly elevated TSH
58
tx myxedema
thyroid replacement therapy
59
tx myxedema coma
levothyroxine sodium
60
what are teh 4 main types of thyroid cancer
papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic
61
women are nearly ___ more likely to get thyroid cancer than men
three times
62
list risks for thyroid cancer
- head and neck radiation
- diet deficient in iodine
- genetics
63
how is thyroid cancer diagnosed
- physical exam
- fine needle aspiration
- histologic exam
64
tx thyroid cancer
- surgery
- total thyroidectomy & involved lymph nodes
- radioiodine
- T4 therapy
65
out of all the forms of thyroid cancer, which is the most aggressive
anaplastic tumor
66
overactivity of at least 1 parathyroid gland
hyperparathyroidism
67
cause of hyperparathyroidism
- excessive growth of one parathyroid gland
- idiopathic hyperplasia of gland
- renal disease
- other disorders
68
how is hyperparathyroidism diagnosed
elevated serum intact PTH, increased calcium, reduced phosphorus, increased alkaline phosphatase, high urine calcium low bone mineral denstiy, DEXA
69
tx hyperparathyroidism
- surgery
- meds that increase excretion of calcium
70
cause of hypoparathyroidism
surgical destruction of parathyroid glands, injury, ischemia, accidental radiation, neoplasia, disease, congenital, autoimmune
71
how is hypoparathyroidism diagnosed
neuromuscular hyperexcitability, clinical picture, history of possible insult, presence of trousseau phenomenon, reduced serum calcium levels, increased serum phosphate, increased QT and ST intervals, reduced PTH
72
tx hypoparathyroidism
calcium replacement therapy w/vitamin D
73
chronic hypersecretion of adrenal cortex w/excessive cortisol
cushing syndrome
74
cause of cushing syndrome
hyperplasia of adrenal gland, excessive secretion of ACTH, adrenal cortex tumor, corticotropin production in another organ, prolonged admin/large doses of glucocorticoids
75
how is cushing syndrome diagnosed
clinical picture, continuous elevation of serum cortisol levels, cortisol levels elevated in 24 hr urine collection, CT, MRI
76
tx cushing syndrome
- surgery
- radiation
- drug therapy
77
partial/complete failure of adrenocortical function
addison disease
78
cause of addison disease
autoimmune, TB, hemorrhage, fungal infection, neoplasms, surgical resection, familial, hypopituitarism
79
how is addison diseases diagnosed
low blood & urine cortisol levels, low serum sodium and fasting glucose, elevated serum potassium/blood urea nitrogen/lymphocyte/eosinophil/hematocrit, adrenal calcification on xrays
80
tx addison disease
- hormone replacement
- correct salt & potassium levels
81
life threatening emergency of sudden decreases in adrenocortical hormone levels
addisonian crisis
82
disorder of carbs, fat, and protein metabolism
diabetes mellitus
83
cause of diabetes mellitus
genetics
84
cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- infection trigger autoimmune
- genetics
85
cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus
- pancreatic tumor
- trauma to pituitary
- endocrine disorder
- drugs
- genetics
86
tx diabetes mellitus
diet, insulin, oral meds, exercise, blood & urine testing, hygienic measures
87
cause of insulin reaction
- excessive insulin
- excessive exercise
- meal delay
- insufficient food
88
tx insulin reaction
give sugar, glucagon, or dextrose
89
cause of diabetic coma
- undiagnosed diabetes
- skipped insulin
- excessive food
- infection
- stress
90
tx diabetic coma
insulin, fluids, salt, sodium bicarbonate
91
tx type 2 diabetes mellitus
sulfonylureas, metformin, acarbose, rosigilitazone, pramlintide, incretin hormone, bromocriptine, sodium glucose linked transporter 2, meglitinide drugs (glipizide, glyburide, repaglinide, nateglinide)
92
damaged ability to process carbs during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
93
cause of gestational diabetes
- placenta destroys insulin
- elevated estrogen and progesterone
94
list risk factors of gestational diabetes
- family history
- obesity
- maternal age > 25 yrs
95
how is gestational diabetes diagnosed
glucose in urine on routine prenatal urine glucose test, elevated fasting glucose, glucose tolerance test, 2 hour postprandial test, glycated hemoglobin test
96
tx gestational diabetes
diet, close monitoring, limit simple sugars, consistent moderate exercise, oral hypoglycemic agent, insulin
97
sx that can increases risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
metabolic syndrome
98
aka metabolic syndrome
syndrome X
99
list the 5 main components of metabolic syndrome
- central obestiy
- increased BP
- abnormally high triglyceride
- abnormally low HDL
- high fasting glucose
100
cause of hypoglycemia
insulin overdose, excessive exercise, alcoholic hypoglecemia, sulfonylureas, fasting, adenoma/carcinoma, GI disorder, heredity
101
how is hypoglycemia diagnosed
- blood glucose < 50
- glucose tolerance test
- clinical picture
102
tx hypoglycemia
- glucagon
- complex carb & protein snack
- diet
103
puberty before 9 yrs in boys
precocious puberty in boys
104
cause of preciocious puberty in boys
- genetic
- intracranial pituitary or hypothalamic neoplasia
- testicular tumor, endocrine disorder
- sex steroids
105
tx precocious puberty in boys
- none if idiopathy
- hormone therapy
- surgery
106
puberty before 8 yrs old in women
precocious puberty in girls
107
cause of precocious puberty in girls
idiopathy, incranial tumors, encephalopathy, meningitis, endocrine disorders, oral contraceptives ,drug homone secretly ovarian or adrenal neoplasm
108
cause of precocious puberty in girls
idiopathic, intracranial tumors, encephalopathy, meningitis, endocrine disorders, oral contraceptives, estrogen drugs, hormone secreting ovarian, or adrenal neoplasms
109
how is precocious puberty in girls diagnosed
- normal adult FSH, LH, and sex steroids
- elevated urinalysis hormones and excretion of 17-ketosteroids
- ultrasound
- MRI
110
tx precocious puberty in girls
- surgery
- radiation
- hormone therapy
- counseling
