Digestive Flashcards
1
Q
causes of missing teeth
A
dental decay periodontal disease, dental injury, congenitally missing
2
Q
aka third molars
A
wisdom teeth
3
Q
infection resulting in erosion of tooth surface
A
dental caries
4
Q
cause of dental caries
A
bacteria in mouth breaks down sugars into acid plaque which erodes calcium in enamel; GERD/purging
5
Q
tx dental caries
A
- removal of diseased portion of tooth enamel and pulp & fill cavity with dental amalgam composite material
- root canal procedure
- tooth extraction
- dental implant
6
Q
cause of discolored teeth
A
aging, dead tooth, smoking, drinks, foods, antibacterial mouth wash, severe pertussis, measles, naturally occuring fluoride
7
Q
tx discolored teeth
A
polishing w/rotary polisher, bleaching procedures, bond teeth w/synthetic veneer to tooth, whitening gel
8
Q
inflammation and swelling of gums
A
gingivitis
9
Q
cause of gingivitis
A
plaque, vitamin deficiencies, glandular disorders, blood diseases, viral infections, certain medications
10
Q
destructive bone and gum disease around one or more teeth
A
periodontitis
11
Q
aka periodontal disease
A
periodontitis
12
Q
cause of periodontitis
A
plaque biofilm, unchecked gingivitis, poor oral hygiene
13
Q
list contributing factors of periodontitis
A
smoking, certain meds, chemotherapy, diabetes, HIV infection, stress, poor nutrition, hormonal medications, pregnancy
14
Q
how is periodontitis diagnosed
A
measure depth of pockets and xrays
15
Q
tx periodontitis
A
scaling and root planing and curettage, brush and floss multiple times per day, oral/local sub-antimicrobial dose of antibiotic, periodontal surgery, bone/gum graft
16
Q
tx oral tumors
A
observe periodically, excise if necessary
17
Q
cause of malocclusion
A
genetics, oral habits, deviated septae, enlarged tonsils, allergies
18
Q
tx malocclusion
A
braces, tooth extraction, surgical removal of part of jaw, combining crowns/bridges
19
Q
cause of temporomandibular joint disorder
A
unbalanced activity of jaw muscles, bruxism, malocclusion, poorly fitting dentures, rheumatoid/degenerative/traumatic arthritis, neoplastic disease, clenching and grinding of teeth, habitual gum chewing
20
Q
how is temporomandibular joint disorders diagnosed
A
oral exam, pt history, radiographic studies
21
Q
tx temporomandibular joint disorders
A
immobilization of mandible, NSAIDs, wear special appliances, plastic bite plate (splint), intraarticular injections of hydrocortisone, physical therapy, stress counseling, muscle relaxants, TMJ arthroscopy, joint restructuring, joint replacement
22
Q
pus filled sac developed in tissue surrounding base of root
A
tooth abscess
23
Q
cause of tooth abscess
A
- decayed/dying tooth
- exposed dental nerve to bacteria
24
Q
tx tooth abscess
A
antibiotics, root canal therapy, apicectomy, tooth extraction
25
lesion on mucous membrane exposing underlying sensitive tissue in mouth
mouth ulcers
26
cause of mouth ulcers
mechanical trauma, viral and bacterial infection, stress, illness, medications, tumor in mouth, anemia, leukemia
27
tx mouth ulcers
antiseptic mouthwash rinsing w/warm salt water, avoid spicy or acidic food, topical analgesics, soothing agents, steroid mouthwash, topical/oral antiviral agents
28
cause of cold sores
herpes simplex virus 1, exposure to sunshine or wind, another infection
29
tx cold sores
antiviral ointment or capsule (acyclovir [Zovirax] or penciclovir), rest, aspirin, anesthetic mouthwash, topical cream (docosanol [Abreva] Novitra)
30
candidiasis of oral mucosa
thrush
31
the cause of oral thrush is candidiasis albicans, other predisposing factors are
chemotherapy, diabetes, glucocorticoid therapy, removal dental prostheses
32
how is oral thrush diagnosed
oral exam, lab analysis of lesion
33
tx oral thrush
antifungal (nystatin), fluconazole [Diflucan])
34
aka acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or trench mouth
necrotizing periodontal disease
35
cause of necrotizing periodontal disease
poor oral hygiene, bacterial infection, gingivitis, HIV/AIDS, stress, poor nutrition, throat infections, smoking, serious illness, oral contraceptives
36
tx necrotizing periodontal disease
antibiotics, hydrogen peroxide mouthwash, teeth and gums professionally cleaned, gingivectomy
37
hyperkeratosis/epidermal thickening of buccal mucosa/palate/lower lip
oral leukoplakia
38
causes of oral leukoplakia
chronic irritation or heat
39
tx oral leukplakia
eliminate/smooth source of irritation
40
cause of oral cancer
smoking, alcohol, sun exposure, Betel nut chewing, HPV infection, poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, oral leukoplakia
41
how is oral cancer diagnosed
fine needle aspiration biopsy, contrast enhanced imaging
42
what are common sites for metastasis of oral cancer
lungs, liver, bone
43
tx oral cancer
surgery, radiotherapy, laser therapy, neck dissection, therapeutic irradiation, speech and swallowing rehabilitation
44
regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into esophagus generally at night
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
45
cause of GERD
overeating, pregnancy, weight gain, hiatal hernia, medications, some foods
46
how is GERD diagnosed
barium swallow, esophagoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, esophageal pH monitoring
47
tx GERD
elevate head of bed, ingest light evening meal no less than 4 hours before bed time, antacids, weight loss, elimination/restriction of alcohol ingestion and smoking, medications, antireflux surgery
48
dilated submucosal veins developing in pts w/underlying portal hypertension and can cause serious upper GI bleeds
esophageal varices
49
cause of esophageal varices
increased pressure in veins, venous return to liver impeded, cirrhosis of liver
50
how is esophageal varices diagnosed
pt history, imaging, endoscopy
51
tx esophageal varices
restore blood volume, maintain fluid & electrolyte balance, endoscopic sclerotherapy, ligation of bleeding varices, emergency portal decompression
52
inflammation and tissue injury of esophagus
esophagitis
53
cause of esophagitis
acid reflux, certain oral antibiotics w/o enough water, chemical injury, HIV
54
how is esophagitis diagnosed
pt history, esophagoscopy
55
tx esophagitis
cimetidine (Tagament), Omeprazole (prilosec), sucralfate (carafate) suspension, small and frequent meals, avoid alcohol, dilate esophageal stricture, tx based on cause
56
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is most often found in
Asia, Africa, Iran
57
list risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- cigarette smoking
- alcohol
- betel nut chewing
- drinking very hot beverages
- foods w/N-nitroso compounds
- diet low in fruit and veggies
- head and neck cancer history
- underlying esophageal disease
58
adenocarcinoma of the esophagus primarily affects
males and caucasians
59
list major risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
- barrett esophagus
- chronic GERD
- smoking
- obese
60
how is esophageal cancer diagnosed
barium study, endoscopic biopsy
61
replacement of normal squamous epithelium with abnormal columnar epithelium
Barrett esophagus
62
how is Barrett esophagus developed
chronic GERD
63
cause of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers
helicobacter pylori infection, NSAIDs, chronic gastritis, ingestion of gastric irritants, smoking, alcohol consumption, increase of acid and pepsin
64
tx peptic ulcers
rest, meds, change in diet, stress reduction, elimination of cause, small frequent meals of soft and bland food
65
inflammation of lining of stomach
gastritis
66
cause of gastritis
H pylori, medication (aspirin/antinflammatory), poison, alcohol, smoking, infection, stress, mechanical injury from swallowing of foreign object, lack of gastric acid production, peptic ulcer disease
67
how is gastritis diagnosed
gastroscopy, imaging, biopsy, blood count, serum test, fecal occult test potentially positive
68
tx gastiritis
antibiotics if H pylori infection, antacids, meds that restrict blood vessels, antiemetics, bland diet, mineral and vitamin supplements
69
cause of gastric cancer
H pylori, Barret esophagus, diet high in salt, smoking, previous gastric surgery, abdominal radiation, genetic predisposition
70
how is gastric cancer diagnosed
upper GI endoscopy w/biopsy
71
tx gastric cancer
antibiotics for H pylori, gastric resection, chemoradiotherapy, total gastrectomy, palliation
72
cause of appendicitis
obstruction of narrow appendiceal lumen (lymphoid hyperplasia, fecaliths, parasites, foreign bodies, Crohn disease, primary/metastatic cancer)
73
how is appendicitis diagnosed
maximal tenderness of abdomen at McBurney point, Rebound tenderness on opposite side, elevated WBC
74
defect in diaphragm causing segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavity
hiatal hernia
75
cause of hiatal hernia
congenital defect/weakness in diaphragm (obesity, old age, trauma, intraabdominal pressure, unknown)
76
how are hiatal hernia diagnosed
chest xray, barium radiographic studies, endoscopy, measure reflux pH, examine reflux contents
77
tx hiatal hernia
dietary modifications, minimize activities that increase intraabdominal pressure, lose weight, antacids, medications that control acid secretions, stop smoking, avoid lying down after eating
78
condition which organ protrudes through abnormal opening of abdominal wall
abdominal hernia
79
cause of abdominal hernia
weak area/congenital malformation of abdominal wall, trauma, increased intraabdominal pressure (heavy lifting/pregnancy), surgery
80
how is abdominal hernia diagnosed
palpation, physical exam, Valsalva maneuver (inguinal hernia), imaging of abdomen, WBC count
81
tx abdominal hernia
truss, herniorrhapy
82
chronic inflammatory disorder of GI tract
Crohn Disease
83
aka Crohn Disease
regional enteritis
84
cause of Crohn's disease
unknown
85
how is Crohn's disease diagnosed
sx, radiographic studies of both intestines, colonoscopy, enteroscopy, skip lesions, biopsy, characteristic lesions, electrolyte abnormalities, CT, blood test
86
tx Crohn's disease
nutritional support, dietary supplements, IV nutrition, medication therapy (antibiotics, steroids, anticholinergics, narcotic agents, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, surgical resection
87
chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting mucosa and submucosa of rectum and colon
ulcerative colitis
88
cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown but it is thought to be associated as an
autoimmune
89
how is ulcerative colitis diagnosed
clinical sx, examine stool for blood, reduced Hgb level and leukocytosis, electrolyte abnormalities, barium enema, colonoscopy,, biopsy
90
tx ulcerative colitis
well balanced diet, avoid foods irritating to stomach, diet low in fat and bulk and high in protein/vitamins/calories, anticholinergic drugs, antidiarrheal agents, corticosteroid therapy, proctocolectomy, ileostomy, ileoanal anastomosis
91
acute inflammation of lining of stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
92
cause of gastroenteritis
ingestion of bacteria from contaminated food/water, ingestion of poison/chemicals, chronic ingestion of spicy/irritating food, alcohol, caffeine, aspirin, antinflammatory agents, acute illness
93
how is gastroenteritis diagnosed
lab analysis, culture of stool, blood studies, endoscopy
94
tx gastroenteritis
antiemetics, antibiotics, antacid, oral/IV rehydration solutions, rest, eat as tolerated, antidiarrheal
95
cause of intestinal obstruction
neoplasm, foreign bodies, fecal impaction, strictures, from Crohn disease, compression of bowel, volvulus, strangulated hernia, adhesion, ileus, certain medications, peritonitis
96
paralytic condition of small bowel that may occur after abdominal surgery
ileus
97
how are intestinal obstructions diagnosed
radiographic studies w/barium or gastrografin contrast, elevated WBC count, acid-base disturbances, electrolyte imbalances
98
tx intestinal obstructions
resection of diseased bowel, ostomy, surgical removal of blockage, enemas, manual disimpaction, nasogastric tube
99
progressive condition characterized by defects in muscular wall of large bowel
diverticulosis
100
cause of diverticulosis
inadequate roughage in diets, excessive amounts of highly refined food
101
tx diverticulosis
adequate fluids and roughage, fiber supplements, stool softener
102
how is diverticulosis diagnosed
clinical picture, air-contrast barium enema radiographic study, colonoscopy
103
tx diverticulosis
antibiotics, liquid diet, stool softeners, removal of diseased colon IV antibiotics, nutritional support, percutaneous drainage
104
cause of colorectal cancer
age, history of large adenomatous polyps, diabetes mellitus, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, first-degree relative of colorectal cancer, cigarette smoking, obesity
105
how is colorectal cancer diagnosed
colonoscopy, fecal occult blood test, double contrast barium enema
106
tx colorectal cancer
surgical resection, colostomy, chemotherapy, radiation
107
acute inflammation with plaque like necrotic debris and mucus adhered to damaged superficial mucosa of small and large intestines
pseudomembranous enterocolitis
108
cause of pseudomembranous enterocolitis
broad-spectrum antibiotics, C diff infection
109
how is pseudomembranous enterocolitis diagnosed
C diff found in stool, rectal biopsy, elevated WBC count, serum albumin reduced, abnormal serum electrolyte, distended colon on abdominal radiograph
110
tx pseudomembranous enterocolitis
discontinue broad-spectrum antibtioics and substitute w/metronidazole or vancomycin, cholesytramine (Questran), monitor fluid and electrolyte balance, proper hand washing, isolation, decontamination
111
small bowel fails to absorb nutrients bc of inadequate absorptive surface (small intestine shortened by disease or surgery)
short bowel syndrome
112
cause of short bowel syndrome
crohn disease, inetstinal infarction, radiation enteritis, volvulus, tumor resection, trauma
113
how is short bowel syndrome diagnosed
pt history, abnormal electrolyte levels, pH disturbances, anemia, increased amount of fat in stool
114
tx short bowel syndrome
medication for infection, antidiarrheals, vitamin and mineral supplements, analgesics, food supplements, surgery
115
functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, and erratic dysfunction of bowel habits
irritable bowel syndrome
116
how is IBS diagnosed
pt history, physical exam, rule out other conditions
117
tx IBS
soluble fiber supplements, stool softeners, laxatives, antidiarrheal, ondansetron, antispasmodic drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, nonabsorbed antibiotics, mental/relaxation therapy
118
inflammation of peritoneum
peritonitis
119
cause of peritonitis
blood borne organisms/organisms from GI or genital tract, appendicitis, diverticulitis, perforated petic ulcer, perforated gallbladder, penetrating wound to abdomen, lupus, noninfective secretions
120
how is peritonitis diagnosed
elevated WBC, abnormal serum electrolyte levels, gaseous distention of bowel on radiographs, CT, aspiration of peritoneal fluid
121
tx peritonitis
broad-spectrum antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetics, fluid and electrolyte replaced parenterally, surgery,
122
varicose dilations of vein in anal canal or anorectal area
hemorrhoids
123
cause of hemorrhoids
constipation, straining, pregnancy
124
how are hemorrhoids diagnosed
physical exam, proctoscopy, Hgb level and RBC below normal
125
tx hemorrhoids
stool softeners, diet high in fruits/veggies/whole grain cereals, warm sitz baths, topical anesthetic ointment, witch hazel compresses, hydrocortisone acetate/pramoxine hydrochloride, sclerotherapy injections, band ligation, cryosurgery, photocoagulation, electrocoagulation, thermocoagulation, stapled hemorrhoidectomy
126
chronic degnerative disease of liver resulting in replacement of normal liver cells w/hard fibrous scar tissue
cirrhosis of liver
127
aka hobnail liver
cirrhosis of liver
128
cause of cirrhosis of liver
chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, hepatitis B and C, parasites, toxic chemicals, CHF, idiopathic
129
how is cirrhosis diagnosed
enlarged firm and hard liver with palpable blunt edge, elevated liver enzyme and bilirubin levels, CT, ultrasound, needle biopsy of liver
130
tx of cirrhosis
prohibit alcohol intake, adequate rest, vitamin and mineral supplements, antacids, diuretics, paracentesis, liver transplant
131
what hepatitis is the only one to cause spiking fevers
hepatitis A
132
how is hepA diagnosed
hepatitis profile, liver function studies, elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, prothrombin time prolonged, serum bilirubin level elevated, bilirubinuria, HAV antibody
133
tx hep A
rest, IM immune globulin, pt isolation, antiemetics, analgesics, low fat high carb diet, restrict physical activity, avoid alcohol
134
tx hep B
oral antiviral therapy, interferon, rest, sx control
135
tx hep C
Sofosbuvir (Solvadi) w/ribavirin/peginterferon/ribavirin, other meds, gamma globulin, interferon and ribavirin, glucocorticoids, well balanced diet, rest, liver transplant
136
cause of hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV, hereditary hemochromatosis, cirrhosis, exposure to aflatoxins
137
how is Hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed
increase in AFP level greater than 500 g/L in high risk pt, ultrasound/CT/MRI of liver, liver biopsy
138
tx hepatocellular carcinoma
surgical resection (partial hepatectomy), radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, systemic therapy with sorafenib, chemotherapy
139
condition with too much fat in liver cells but drink little/no alcohol
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
140
abnormal presence of calculi or gallstones that form in bile
cholelithiasis (gallstones)
141
aka cholelithiasis
gallstones
142
cause of cholelithiasis
age, high calorie high cholesterol diet, obesity, oral contraceptive use, ileal disease, alcoholic cirrhosis, biliary tract infection, diabetes mellitus
143
how is cholelithiasis diagnosed
clinical picture, ultrasound of gallbladder and biliary ducts, elevated serum bilirubin level
144
tx colelithiasis
limit fat intake, cholecystectomy, bile acids, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
145
acute/chronic inflammation of gallbladder associated with cholelithiasis and infection often follows inflammation
cholecystitis
146
cause of cholecystitis
obstruction of gallbladder from gallstones, trauma, insult to gallbladder, infection
147
how is cholecystitis diagnosed
clinical picture, ultrasound of gallbladder and biliary ducts, radioiostope gallbladder study, elevated WBC, increased serum bilirubin level
148
tx cholecystitis
eliminate fatty foods, NG tube, IV solution to replace fluid and electrolytes, cholecystectomy, antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetics
149
cause of acute pancreatitis
escape of activated pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissue (alcoholism, biliary tract disease, trauma, infection, structural anomalies, elevated Ca levels in blood, hemorrhage, hyperlipidemia, drugs), gallstones, metabolic/endocrine disorder, idiopathic
150
how is acute pancreatitis diagnosed
dramatically elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, WBC and Hct elevated, radiography and ultrasound may show stones in biliary tract/dilation of common bile duct, hyperglycemia, CT with contrast, elevated bilirubin
151
tx acute pancreatitis
IV fluid and electrolyte replacement, NPO and NG tube, narcotic, supportive care
152
cause of pancreatic cancer
cigarette smoking, obesity, chronic pancreatitis/diabetes, family history of pancreatic cancer, mutations in cancer susceptibility genes
153
how is pancreatic cancer diagnosed
abdominal ultrasound/CT, ERCP, elevated serum tumor marker for pancreatic cancer, fine needle aspiration biopsy
154
tx pancreatic cancer
surgical resection
155
cause of malabsorption syndrome
defective mucosal cells in small intestine, diseased pancreas, blocked pancreatic duct, reduced secretion of bile from hepatic disease/bile duct obstruction, metabolic or endocrine disorders, severe parasitic and worm infestations
156
cause of food poisoning
cheese, mushrooms, shellfish, food contaminated by poisonous insecticides, toxic substances, food undergone putrefaction or decomposition, food contaminated w/bacteria
157
eating disorder linked to psychological disturbance in which hunger is denied by self-imposed starvation resulting from distorted body image and compulsion to be thin
anorexia nervosa
158
how is anorexia nervosa diagnosed
clinical picture and history (lost at least 15% total body weight, appear emaciated, absent/irregular menses, hypotension, bradycardia, intense fear of gaining weight)
159
