Nephrology

Question 1

What laboratory findings are associated with hypernatremic dehydration?

Answer 1

Hyperglycemia

Mild hypocalcemia

Question 2

What is the most common associated problem with multicystic-dysplastic kidney?

Answer 2

Ureteropelvic reflux

Wilms tumor

Question 3

What is the most common cause of hypertension in adolescents?

Answer 3

Primary or essential hypertension

Question 4

What is Bartter syndrome?

Answer 4

Hypokalemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hyperaldosteronism
Polyuria
Hypercalciuria
Salt wasting

Question 5

What is the inheritance pattern of Bartter syndrome?

Answer 5

AR

Question 6

What is Gitelman syndrome?

Answer 6

Hypokalemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypomagnesemia
Hypercalciuria
Polyuria
Salt wasting

Question 7

When does Gitelman syndrome present?

Answer 7

Late childhood or adulthood

Question 8

When does Bartter syndrome present?

Answer 8

Early in life (polyhydramnios)

Question 9

Which acute glomerulonephritis are associated with low serum complement?

Answer 9

1. Lupus nephritis
2. Subacute bacterial endocarditis
3. Shunt nephritis
4. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
5. Visceral abscess
6. Acute post-infectious GN
7. MPGN

Question 10

Which acute glomerulonephritis are associated with normal complement?

Answer 10

1. Polyarteritis nodosa
2. Hypersensitivity vasculitis
3. Granulomatosis with polyangitis
4. HSP
5. Goodpasture syndrome
6. IgA nephropathy
7. Idiopathic rapidly progressive (crescenteric) GN
8. Type I (anti-GBM disease)
9. Type II (immune complex CGN)
10. Type III (pauciimmune CGN)
11. Non-streptococcal post-infectious GN

Question 11

Why do we do orchidopexy in the first 18m of life?

Answer 11

Increased fertility potential

Question 12

What is the most common cause of abdominal mass in a newborn?

Answer 12

Hydronephrosis

Question 13

What is a risk factor for struvite stones?

Answer 13

usu. Proteus UTI, but occ. Klebsiella, E coli, Pseudomonas

Question 14

What is the most common cause of painless, solid testicular masses in adolescents?

Answer 14

98% malignant

Question 15

What is the treatment for hyponatremic seizure?

Answer 15

4-6mL/kg 3% NS until seizure stops

Question 16

What are the clinical features of HUS?

Answer 16

1. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
2. Thrombocytopenia
3. Renal insufficiency

Question 17

What anomaly is most commonly associated with a single umbilical artery?

Answer 17

70% no anomaly

Renal anomaly is mot common in the 30% with associated abnormalities

Question 18

What occurs in response to a water deprivation test in DI?

Answer 18

Increase in serum osmolarity

Question 19

What are potential anti-hypertensive agents for hypertensive emergencies?

Answer 19

Esmolol = bradycardia
Hydralazine = blood dyscrasias, peripheral neuritis
Labetalol = bronchospasm
Nicardipine = reflex tachycardia, peripheral edema
Nitroprusside = cyanide toxicity

Question 20

What are four mechanisms for anemia in renal failure?

Answer 20

1. inadequate EPO production
2. Decreased erythrocyte survival
3. Iron deficiency
4. Folate and B12 deficiency