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Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 low complement nephritic syndromes?

A 
SBE
SLE
serum sickeness
cryoglobulinemia
PSGN
MPGN II
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2
Q

What are the hormones with disulfide bonds?

A 
PIGI
prolactin
inhibin
GH
insulin
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3
Q

What do you see psammoma bodies in?

A

meningioma
mesothelioma
papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous cystadenoma of ovary

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4
Q

What are the Jones criteria for Acute Rheumatic Fever?

A 
J: joints
O: carditis
N: subcutaneous nodules
E: erythema marginatum
S: sydenham chorea
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5
Q

What are the IgA nephropathies?

A

HSP (Henoch Schlonein Purpura)
Berger’s
Alport’s

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6
Q

What causes renal induced acidosis?

A

plasma RTA
metabolic acidosis
glutaminase
ammonia production in CD (10% of urea cycle)

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7
Q

What hormones are produced by small cell lung carcinoma?

A 
ACTH
ADH
PTH
TSH
ANP
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8
Q

What are the 4 causes of SIADH?

A

small cell carcinoma
increased intracranial pressure
drugs
hypoxia

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9
Q

What are the low volume states with acidosis?

A

diarrhea and RTA

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10
Q

What are the types of kidney stones?

A

calcium oxalate
struvite
uric acid
cysteine

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11
Q

What are the clues for pseudogout?

A

positively birefringent rhomboid crystals
calcium pyrophosphate
elderly pts
men=women

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12
Q

What are the bladder cancer risk factors?

A 
smoking
aniline dyes
aflatoxine
benzenes
cyclophosphamide
Von Hippel Lindau
Tuberos Sclerosis
Schistosoma haematobium
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13
Q

What are the causes of papillary necrosis?

A

AIDS and vasculitides

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14
Q

What are the 3 narrowings of ureter?

A

pelvic brim
hilum
entrance to the bladder

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15
Q

What is nephritic syndrome?

A

hematuria

protein loss

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16
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A 
protein loss >3.5 g/dL
edema
hyperlipidemia (VLDL)
hypercoagulable (2,7,9,10,C,S)
dec serum albumin
inc urine albumin
loss of basement membrane charge due to deposition on heparin sulfate leading to massive proteinuria and lipiduria
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17
Q

What are the most common causes of UTIs?

A 
#1 E. coli
#2 Proteus
#3 Klebsiella
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18
Q

What is the most frequent cause of UTI in females 5-10yrs and 18-24 yrs?

A

staph saprophyticus

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19
Q

What is pre-renal failure?

A 
low vol state
BUN:Cr>20:1
low flow to kidneys
lao Na in urin
low FeNa
concentrated urine
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20
Q

What is intra-renal failure?

A

BUN:Cr

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21
Q

What is the vasculitic pattern for renal artery stenosis?

A

clot in front of renal artery

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22
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

inflamed glomeruli

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23
Q

What is vasculitic pattern for interstitial nephritis?

A

clot off the medulla

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24
Q

What is the vasculitic pattern for focal segmental glomerulonephritiis?

A

clot off part of nephron

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25
Q

What do yo see in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

A

crescents

composed of glomeruler parietal cells, monocytes, macrophage and abundant fibrin

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26
Q

What is the MC nephritic disease in adults?

A

membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN)

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27
Q

What is the MC renal disease in blacks/Hispanics?

A

FSGN

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28
Q

What is the MC renal disease in HIV/IV drug users?

A

FSGN

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29
Q

What is the MC renal mass?

A

cyst

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30
Q

What is the MC malignant renal tumor in adults?

A

adenocarcinoma

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31
Q

What is the MC malignant renal tumor in kids?

A

Wilm’s tumor

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32
Q

What nephrotic syndrome can progress to RPGN?

A

Goodpastures

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33
Q

What is the MC nephrotic syndrome in kids?

A

miminal change disease

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34
Q

What is seen in Type I Renal Tubular Acidosis?

A 
metabolic acidosis
distal collecting duct H/K exchange defect
hypokalemia
high urine pH
frequent UTIs
stones
35
Q

What is seen in Type II Renal Tubular Acidosis?

A

no carbonic anhydrase in PCT

hgh urine pH early but low late (b/c use up bicarb)

36
Q

Which part of nephron concentrates urine?

37
Q

What is Goldblatt’s kidney?

A

contralateral flea-bitten kidney

38
Q

What is uremia?

A

azotemia + symptoms

39
Q

What is azotemia?

A

renal failure (inc BUN/Cr)

40
Q

What is seen in post strep glomerulonephritis?

A

subepithelial humps
IgG/C3/C4 deposition
ASO Ab

41
Q

What is seen in interstitial nephritis?

A

urine eosinophils (drugs), toxins

42
Q

what is seen in lupus nephritis?

A

glomerular destruction
subeptihelial immune complex deposition
anti-ds-DNA

43
Q

What is seen in membranoglomerulonephritis?

A

deposition

44
Q

What is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?

A

tram tracking (type II has low C3)

45
Q

What is seen in minimal change disease?

A

fused foot processes
no renal failure
loss of charge barrier

46
Q

What is the most common cause of kidney stones?

A

dehydration

47
Q

what type of kidney stones have coffin-lid crystals?

A

triple phosphate

48
Q

What type of kidney stones have rosette crystals?

49
Q

What type of kidney stones have hexagonal crystals?

50
Q

What type of kidney stones envelop or dumbbell-shaped crystals?

A

calcium oxalate

51
Q

what disease has aniridia?

A

Wilm’s tumor

52
Q

What is phimosis?

A

foreskin scarred to head of penis

53
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

foreskin retracted and scarred to base of penis

risk of strangulation

54
Q

What is urge incontinence?

A

overactive detrusor muscle

small bladder volume

55
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

weak UG diaphragm muscles

estrogen connection

56
Q

What is overflow incontinence?

A

cannot fully empty

57
Q

What structures have a one way valves?

A

urethra and ejaculatory duct

58
Q

What has WBC casts?

59
Q

What has WBC casts only?

A

pylonephritis

60
Q

What has WBC cast + eosinophils?

A

interstitial nephritis (allergies)

61
Q

What has WBC casts + RBC casts?

A

glomerulonephritis

62
Q

What has fat casts?

A

nephrotic syndrome

63
Q

What has waxy casts?

A

chronic renal disease

64
Q

What has tubular casts?

65
Q

What has hyaline casts?

66
Q

What has epithelial cells?

67
Q

What has crescents?

68
Q

How do you measure afferent renal function?

A

creatinine or inulin

69
Q

How do you measure efferent renal function?

A

BUN or PAH

70
Q

How do you test afferent renal function?

A

GFR or inulin

71
Q

How do you test efferent renal function?

A

RPF or PAH

72
Q

What is post-renal failure?

A

obstruction

73
Q

What is the job of proximal convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorb 60-80% of everything filtered

74
Q

What is the job of the thick descending limb?

A

reabsorb water

75
Q

What is the job of the thick ascending limb?

A

make concentration gradient by reabsorbing solutes (Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca) without water

76
Q

What is the job of the early distal tubule?

A

concentrate urine by reabsorbing NaCl(hypotonic)

77
Q

What is the job of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

A

concentrate urine by reabsorbing water
excretion of uric acid
make new bicarb

78
Q

What does macula densa do?

A

measures osmolarity in beginning of DCT

79
Q

What does JG apparatus do?

A

measure volume

80
Q

What is Fanconi’s syndrome?

A

old tetracycline use destroys PCT

phosphates, glucose, and amino acids in urine

81
Q

What is Bartter’s syndrome?

A

baby with defective triple transporter
dec Na, Cl, and K
normal Bp

82
Q

What is psychogenic polydipsia?

A

dilute urine due to excess water intake

83
Q

What is central pontine myelinosis?

A

due to correcting Na faster than 0.5 mEg/hr

PP clues (13 decks)

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