Nephrology Flashcards by Maricel Anayas

What are the 6 low complement nephritic syndromes?

SBE
SLE
serum sickeness
cryoglobulinemia
PSGN
MPGN II

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What are the hormones with disulfide bonds?

PIGI
prolactin
inhibin
GH
insulin

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What do you see psammoma bodies in?

meningioma
mesothelioma
papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous cystadenoma of ovary

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What are the Jones criteria for Acute Rheumatic Fever?

J: joints
O: carditis
N: subcutaneous nodules
E: erythema marginatum
S: sydenham chorea

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What are the IgA nephropathies?

HSP (Henoch Schlonein Purpura)
Berger’s
Alport’s

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What causes renal induced acidosis?

plasma RTA
metabolic acidosis
glutaminase
ammonia production in CD (10% of urea cycle)

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What hormones are produced by small cell lung carcinoma?

ACTH
ADH
PTH
TSH
ANP

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What are the 4 causes of SIADH?

small cell carcinoma
increased intracranial pressure
drugs
hypoxia

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What are the low volume states with acidosis?

diarrhea and RTA

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What are the types of kidney stones?

calcium oxalate
struvite
uric acid
cysteine

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What are the clues for pseudogout?

positively birefringent rhomboid crystals
calcium pyrophosphate
elderly pts
men=women

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What are the bladder cancer risk factors?

smoking
aniline dyes
aflatoxine
benzenes
cyclophosphamide
Von Hippel Lindau
Tuberos Sclerosis
Schistosoma haematobium

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What are the causes of papillary necrosis?

AIDS and vasculitides

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What are the 3 narrowings of ureter?

pelvic brim
hilum
entrance to the bladder

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What is nephritic syndrome?

hematuria

protein loss

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What is nephrotic syndrome?

protein loss >3.5 g/dL
edema
hyperlipidemia (VLDL)
hypercoagulable (2,7,9,10,C,S)
dec serum albumin
inc urine albumin
loss of basement membrane charge due to deposition on heparin sulfate leading to massive proteinuria and lipiduria

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What are the most common causes of UTIs?

#1 E. coli
#2 Proteus
#3 Klebsiella

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What is the most frequent cause of UTI in females 5-10yrs and 18-24 yrs?

staph saprophyticus

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What is pre-renal failure?

low vol state
BUN:Cr>20:1
low flow to kidneys
lao Na in urin
low FeNa
concentrated urine

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What is intra-renal failure?

BUN:Cr

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What is the vasculitic pattern for renal artery stenosis?

clot in front of renal artery

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What is glomerulonephritis?

inflamed glomeruli

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What is vasculitic pattern for interstitial nephritis?

clot off the medulla

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What is the vasculitic pattern for focal segmental glomerulonephritiis?

clot off part of nephron

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What do yo see in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

crescents | composed of glomeruler parietal cells, monocytes, macrophage and abundant fibrin

What is the MC nephritic disease in adults?

membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN)

What is the MC renal disease in blacks/Hispanics?

FSGN

What is the MC renal disease in HIV/IV drug users?

FSGN

What is the MC renal mass?

cyst

What is the MC malignant renal tumor in adults?

adenocarcinoma

What is the MC malignant renal tumor in kids?

Wilm's tumor

What nephrotic syndrome can progress to RPGN?

Goodpastures

What is the MC nephrotic syndrome in kids?

miminal change disease

What is seen in Type I Renal Tubular Acidosis?

``` metabolic acidosis distal collecting duct H/K exchange defect hypokalemia high urine pH frequent UTIs stones ```

What is seen in Type II Renal Tubular Acidosis?

no carbonic anhydrase in PCT | hgh urine pH early but low late (b/c use up bicarb)

Which part of nephron concentrates urine?

medulla

What is Goldblatt's kidney?

contralateral flea-bitten kidney

What is uremia?

azotemia + symptoms

What is azotemia?

renal failure (inc BUN/Cr)

What is seen in post strep glomerulonephritis?

subepithelial humps IgG/C3/C4 deposition ASO Ab

What is seen in interstitial nephritis?

urine eosinophils (drugs), toxins

what is seen in lupus nephritis?

glomerular destruction subeptihelial immune complex deposition anti-ds-DNA

What is seen in membranoglomerulonephritis?

deposition

What is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?

tram tracking (type II has low C3)

What is seen in minimal change disease?

fused foot processes no renal failure loss of charge barrier

What is the most common cause of kidney stones?

dehydration

what type of kidney stones have coffin-lid crystals?

triple phosphate

What type of kidney stones have rosette crystals?

uric acid

What type of kidney stones have hexagonal crystals?

cysteine

What type of kidney stones envelop or dumbbell-shaped crystals?

calcium oxalate

what disease has aniridia?

Wilm's tumor

What is phimosis?

foreskin scarred to head of penis

What is paraphimosis?

foreskin retracted and scarred to base of penis | risk of strangulation

What is urge incontinence?

overactive detrusor muscle | small bladder volume

What is stress incontinence?

weak UG diaphragm muscles | estrogen connection

What is overflow incontinence?

cannot fully empty

What structures have a one way valves?

urethra and ejaculatory duct

What has WBC casts?

nephritis

What has WBC casts only?

pylonephritis

What has WBC cast + eosinophils?

interstitial nephritis (allergies)

What has WBC casts + RBC casts?

glomerulonephritis

What has fat casts?

nephrotic syndrome

What has waxy casts?

chronic renal disease

What has tubular casts?

RTA

What has hyaline casts?

normal

What has epithelial cells?

normal

What has crescents?

RPGN

How do you measure afferent renal function?

creatinine or inulin

How do you measure efferent renal function?

BUN or PAH

How do you test afferent renal function?

GFR or inulin

How do you test efferent renal function?

RPF or PAH

What is post-renal failure?

obstruction

What is the job of proximal convoluted tubule?

reabsorb 60-80% of everything filtered

What is the job of the thick descending limb?

reabsorb water

What is the job of the thick ascending limb?

make concentration gradient by reabsorbing solutes (Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca) without water

What is the job of the early distal tubule?

concentrate urine by reabsorbing NaCl(hypotonic)

What is the job of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

concentrate urine by reabsorbing water excretion of uric acid make new bicarb

What does macula densa do?

measures osmolarity in beginning of DCT

What does JG apparatus do?

measure volume

What is Fanconi's syndrome?

old tetracycline use destroys PCT | phosphates, glucose, and amino acids in urine

What is Bartter's syndrome?

baby with defective triple transporter dec Na, Cl, and K normal Bp

What is psychogenic polydipsia?

dilute urine due to excess water intake

What is central pontine myelinosis?

due to correcting Na faster than 0.5 mEg/hr