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PP clues > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

1
Q

Necrosis

A

Nonprogrammed cell deathInflammationNucleus destroyed first

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2
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell deathNo inflammationNucleus destroyed last

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3
Q

Pyknosis

A

Nucleus turns into blobs

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4
Q

Karyohexis

A

Nucleus fragments

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5
Q

Karyolysis

A

Nucleus dissolves

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6
Q

Somatotrope

A

GH

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7
Q

Gonadotrope

A

LH and FSH

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8
Q

Thyrotrope

A

TSH

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9
Q

Cortiotrope

A

ACTH

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10
Q

Lactotrope

A

Prolactin

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11
Q

Receptors used by protein hormones

A

Cell membrane receptors

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12
Q

Receptors used by steroid hormones

A

Nuclear membrane receptors

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13
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

PET CAD (+ Thyroid)Progesterone EstrogenTestosteroneCortisolAldosteroneVitamin D

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

Secretion into blood

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15
Q

Exocrine

A

Secretion into not blood

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16
Q

Autocrine

A

Works on itself

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17
Q

Paracrine

A

Works on its neighbors

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18
Q

Merocrine

A

Exocytosis - cell is maintained

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19
Q

Apocrine

A

Apex of cell secreted

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20
Q

Holocrine

A

Whole cell secreted

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21
Q

Organs that do not require insulin for glucose

A

BRICKLEBrainRBCIntestinesCardiac, CorneaKidneyLiverExercising muscle

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22
Q

GnRH

A

Stimulates FSH and LH

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23
Q

GRH

A

Stimulates GH

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24
Q

CRH

A

Stimulates ACTH

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25
Q

TRH

A

Stimulates TSH

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26
Q

PRH

A

Stimulates Prolactin

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27
Q

Dopamine

A

Inhibits Prolactin

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28
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits GHInhibits secretin, motilin, CCK

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29
Q

ADH

A

Conserves waterVasoconstrictsConcentrates urine

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30
Q

Oxytocin

A

Milk productionBirth

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31
Q

GH

A

IGF-1 release from liverGrowthSends somatomedin to growth platesGluconeogenesis by proteolysis

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32
Q

TSH

A

T3 and T4 release from thyroid

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33
Q

LH

A

Testosterone release from testesEstrogen and Progesterone from ovary

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34
Q

FSH

A

Sperm or egg growth

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35
Q

ACTH

A

Cortisol release from adrenal gland

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36
Q

MSH

A

Skin pigmentation

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37
Q

Stress Hormones

A

Immediate = Epinephrine20 minutes = Glucagon30 minutes = Insulin and ADH2-4 hrs = Cortisol24 hrs = GH

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38
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Too little ADHUrinate a lot

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39
Q

Central DI

A

Brain not making ADH

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40
Q

Nephrogenic DI

A

Blocked ADH receptorCan be caused by Lithium or Demecocycline

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41
Q

Water deprivation test

A

Concentrate urine = PsychogenicFail to concentrate urine = DI

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42
Q

DDAVP

A

Concentrate urine = Central DIFail to concentrate urine = Nephrogenic DI

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43
Q

SIADH

A

Too much ADHExpanded plasma volumePee Na+

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44
Q

Difference between SIADH and DI

A

DI = dilute urineSIADH = concentrated urine

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45
Q

Psychogenic Polydipsia

A

Pathologic water drinkingLow plasma osmolarity

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46
Q

Aldosterone

A

Reabsorbs Na+Secretes H+ and K+

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47
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in kidsDancing eyes and feetSecretes catecholamines

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48
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in adultsPressurePainPalpitationsPerspirationPallor

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49
Q

Zona Glomerulosa makes

A

Aldosterone

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50
Q

Zona Fasiculata makes

A

Cortisol

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51
Q

Zona Reticularis makes

A

Androgens

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52
Q

Conn’s Syndrome

A

High aldosterone d/t tumorCaptopril test makes it worse

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53
Q

ANP

A

Inhibits aldosteroneDilates renal artery (afferent arteriole)

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54
Q

Calcitonin

A

Inhibits osteoclasts

55
Q

MEN I

A

Wermer’sPancreasPituitary Parathyroid adenomaHigh gastrin

56
Q

MEN II (2A)

A

Sipple’sParathyroidPheochromocytomaMedullary thyroid cancer

57
Q

MEN III (2B)

A

PheochromocytomaMedullary thyroid cancerMucosal neuromas (oral/GI)Marfanoid

58
Q

CCK

A

Gallbladder contractionBile releaseInhibits gastric motility (closes sphincters)

59
Q

Cortisol

A

Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis Leads to thin skin

60
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

AI destruction of adrenal cortexHyperpigmentationIncreased ACTH

61
Q

Waterhouse Friderichsen

A

Adrenal hemorrhageMC bug = N. meningitidis

62
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

High cortisol d/t: pituitary tumor, small cell lung tumor, adrenal tumor

63
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

High cortisol d/t: pituitary tumor or small cell lung cancer

64
Q

Nelson’s Syndrome

A

Hyperpigmentation after adrenalectomy

65
Q

Low Dose Dexamethasone Test - Suppresses

A

Normal, obese, depressed

66
Q

Low Dose Dexamethasone Test - Doesn’t Suppress

A

Cushing’s - do High dose test

67
Q

High Dose Dexamethasone Test - Suppresses

A

Pituitary Tumor

68
Q

High Dose Dexamethasone Test - Doesn’t Suppress

A

Check ACTH High = small cell lung cancerLow = adrenal adenoma

69
Q

Survival Hormones

A

Cortisol = permissive under stressTSH = permissive under normal

70
Q

Epinephrine

A

GluconeogenesisGlycogenolysis

71
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Makes RBCs

72
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulates parietal cells to release IF and H+

73
Q

Pygmie

A

No somatomedin receptors

74
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Abnormal FGF receptors in extremities

75
Q

Midget

A

Low somatomedin receptor sensitivity

76
Q

Acromegaly

A

Adult bones stretch Coarse facial featuresLarge furrowed tongueDeep, husky voiceJaw protrusionIncreased IGF-1 d/t GH tumor

77
Q

Gigantism

A

Childhood acromegaly

78
Q

GIP

A

Enhances insulin actionLeads to post-prandial hypoglycemia

79
Q

Glucagon

A

GluconeogenesisGlycogenolysisLipolysis Ketogenesis

80
Q

Insulin

A

Pushed glucose into cells with K+

81
Q

Type I DM

A

Anti-islet cell AbGAD AbCocksackie B virusLow insulinDKA

82
Q

Type II DM

A

Insulin receptor insensitivity High insulinHONKAcanthosis nigricans

83
Q

DKA presentation

A

Kussmaul’s breathingFruity breath (acetone)Altered mental status

84
Q

Dawn Phenomenon

A

AM hyperglycemia d/t GH

85
Q

Somogyi Effect

A

AM hyperglycemia d/t PM hypoglycemia

86
Q

Insulinoma

A

Tumor High insulin, High C-peptide

87
Q

Factitious Hypoglycemia

A

Insulin injectionHigh insulin, Low C-peptide

88
Q

Erythrasma

A

Rash in skin folds

89
Q

Metabolic Syndrome X

A

Pre-DM:HTNDyslipidemiaHyperinsulinemiaAcanthosis nigricans

90
Q

Foot ulcer risk factors

A

DMMale smokerBony abnormalitiesPrevious ulcers

91
Q

Conditions that cause weight gain

A

ObesityHypothyroidismDepressionCushing’sAnasarca

92
Q

Motilin

A

Stimulates segmentation - primary peristalsis

93
Q

Prolactin

A

Milk production

94
Q

PTH

A

Chews up bone

95
Q

Vitamin D

A

Builds bone

96
Q

Parathyroid Chief Cells secrete

97
Q

Stomach Chief Cells secrete

98
Q

Difference between NE and Epinephrine

A

NE = NTEpinephrine = homone

99
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid adenoma

100
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Renal failure

101
Q

Familial hypocalcuria hypercalcemia

A

Decreased Ca2+ excretion

102
Q

If serum Ca2+ and P change in same direction

A

Vitamin D Both decrease = deficiencyBoth increase = toxicity

103
Q

If serum Ca2+ and P change in opposite directions

A

PTH problemHigh Ca2+ = HyperparathyroidismLow Ca2+ = Hypoparathyroidism

104
Q

MCC Primary Hypoparathyroism

A

Thyroidectomy

105
Q

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

Bad kidney PTH receptorDecreased urinary cAMP

106
Q

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

A

G-protein defectNo Ca2+ problem

107
Q

Hungry Bone Syndrome

A

Remove PTH and bone sucks in Ca2+

108
Q

Secretin

A

Secretion of bicarbInhibit gastrinTighten pyloric sphincter

109
Q

T3 and T4

A

Growth and differentiation

110
Q

Disease with exopthalmos

111
Q

Disease with enopthalmos

A

Horner’s

112
Q

Hyperthyroid Diseases

A

Grave’sDeQuervain’sSilentPlummer’sJod-Basedow

113
Q

Grave’s

A

HyperthyroidExophthalmosPretibial myxedemaTSH receptor Ab

114
Q

DeQuervain’s

A

HyperthyroidViralPainful in jaw

115
Q

Silent Thyroiditis

A

HyperthyroidPost-partum

116
Q

Plummer’s

A

HyperthyroidBenign adenomaOld person

117
Q

Jod-Basedow

A

Transient hyperthyroid d/t increased iodine

118
Q

Hypothyroid Diseases

A

Hashimoto’sReidel’s StrumaCretinismEuthryroid Sick SyndromeWolff-Chaikoff

119
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

HypothyroidAntimicrosomial AbTPO Ab

120
Q

Reidel’s Struma

A

Hypothyroid Woody Neck

121
Q

Cretinism

A

Hypothyroid mom and babyFreak features

122
Q

Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

A

Low T3 Syndrome

123
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff

A

Transient hypothyroidism

124
Q

Testosterone

A

External male genetalia

125
Q

Mullerian Inhibiting Factor

A

Internal male genetalia

126
Q

TPO and Thymosin

A

Help T-cells mature

127
Q

VIP

A

Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK

128
Q

VIPoma presentation

A

Watery diarrhea

129
Q

Somatostatinoma presentation

A

Constipation

130
Q

Hormones with disulfide bonds

A

PIGI:ProlactinInhibinGHInsulin

131
Q

Hormones with same alpha subunits

A

LHFSHTSHbeta HCG

132
Q

Hormones that produce acidophils

133
Q

Hormones that produce basophils

A

FSHLHACTHTSH

134
Q

Hormones released from posterior pituitary

A

ADH (supraoptic nucleus)Oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus)

PP clues (13 decks)

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