Nephro

Question 1

what can you tell on visual examination of urine?

Answer 1

Question 2

what does urine specific gravity tell you?

Answer 2

Question 3

what does the urine PH tell you?

Answer 3

Question 4

what happens if you have a urine dipstick negative for protein but high spot urine protein/creatinine ratio?

Answer 4

Question 5

what are nitrites and LE on UA indicate specifically?

Answer 5

Question 6

Describe the following crystals in urine sediment examination

1. CaOx
2. CaPo4
3. uric acid
4. Struvite
5. Cystine

Answer 6

Question 7

work up of hematuria?

Answer 7

Question 8

how to calculate FeNa and FE urea and what does it show?

Answer 8

Question 9

when would you use a CT vs MRI for the kidneys?

Answer 9

Question 10

what are the indications for kidney biopsy?

Answer 10

Question 11

Function of the PCT?

Answer 11

Question 12

when something wrong happens in the pCT ,clinically, you see?

Answer 12

Question 13

what does CAI do?

Answer 13

Question 14

define AKI?

Answer 14

Question 15

what do you need to evaluate for AKI? (groups)

Answer 15

Question 16

what are the indications for urgent dialysis in AKI?

Answer 16

Question 17

what are the causes of pre-renal AKI?

Answer 17

Question 18

dx of hepatorenal syndrome?

Answer 18

Question 19

what is abdominal compartment syndrome?

Answer 19

Question 20

what are the pre-renal AKI labs?

Answer 20

Question 21

which drugs can cause uretral obstruction?

Answer 21

Question 22

what are the intrinsic causes of AKI?

Answer 22

Question 23

what are the pathophys of ATN?

Answer 23

Question 24

what are the 3 phases of ATN?

Answer 24

Question 25

what are the the labs suggestive of ATN?

Answer 25

Question 26

what is the management of ATN?

Answer 26

Question 27

what is acute phosphate nephropathy?

Answer 27

Question 28

what are the mc and antibiotic culprits of AIN?

Answer 28

Question 29

how is NSAID-induced AIN different compared to other types of AIN?

Answer 29

Question 30

what is chronic interstitial nephritis caused by?

Answer 30

Question 31

how to separate glomerular diseases?

Answer 31

Question 32

how to separate glomerular diseases based upon complement?

Answer 32

Question 33

what are the 3 major causes of RPGN\>

Answer 33

Question 34

treatment and summary of RPGN?

Answer 34

Question 35

which GN have low or normal complement?

Answer 35

Question 36

which are the GN that have renal-limited presentation? Divide base on complement. Presentation, tx?

Answer 36

Question 37

GN systemic presentation based upon complement level, presentation, dx, tx?

Answer 37

Question 38

what are the ANCA associated vasculitis that can cause cresentic RPGN?

Answer 38

Question 39

timing around post-strep GN?

Answer 39

Question 40

what are the two types of MPGN?

Answer 40

Question 41

what are the CKD-MBD electrolyte abnormalities?

Answer 41

Question 42

how to manage CKD associated electrolyte abnormalities?

Answer 42

Question 43

what are the 3 skeletal diseases associated with CKD?

Answer 43

Question 44

Describe osteitis fibrosis cystica?

Answer 44

Question 45

Describe adynamic bone disease and osteomalacia?

Answer 45

Question 46

what are the indications for dialysis?

Answer 46

Question 47

what is the main complication of dialysis? How to reduce M&M?

Answer 47

Question 48

what are the causes of kidney rejection s/p kidney transplant?

Answer 48

Question 49

what is the immunosuppressive therapy regimen s/p kideny transplant. Side effects?

Answer 49

Question 50

what are the consequences of general immunosupression s/p kidney transplant?

Answer 50

Question 51

what is the work up following the 1st kidney stone? recurrent stones?

Answer 51

Question 52

what are the promoters of kidney stone formation?

Answer 52

Question 53

what is the general treatment of kidney stones?

Answer 53

Question 54

what is the treatment of uric acid and struvite stones?

Answer 54

Question 55

what is the treatment of cystine stones and what meds can cause kidney stones?

Answer 55

Question 56

how to interpret AG?

Answer 56

Question 57

how to interpret urinary anion gap?

Answer 57

Question 58

Toxic alcohols by AG/OG?

Answer 58

Question 59

describe the generation phase of metabolic alkalosis etiologies?

Answer 59

Question 60

Describe the two types of metabolic akalosis?

Answer 60

Question 61

what tests to need to be performd with unexplained HAGMA?

Answer 61

Question 62

NAGMA work up?

Answer 62

Question 63

types of RTAs?

Answer 63

Question 64

what decreases potassium? (related to aldosterone)

Answer 64

Question 65

what increases potassium? (related to aldosterone)

Answer 65

Question 66

what are the ECG changes that occur with progressive hyperkalemia?

Answer 66

Question 67

major causes of hypokalemia?

Answer 67

Question 68

effect of electrolytes from: 1. Vomiting 2. Diarrhea 3. Diuretics 4. hyperglycemia?

Answer 68