Endocrinology - Thyroid, pituitary Flashcards
with regards to glandular abnormality, primary refers to ?
refers to the gland that secretes the hormone
With regards to glandular abnormalities, secondary refers to?
refers to the disease of the gland that controls the primary gland
With regards to glandular abnormalities, tertiary refers to?
the disease of the gland that controls the gland that controls the primary gland
what is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary control?
- the hypothalamus uses hormones to control the anterior pituitary
- hypothalamus uses direct nerve stimulation to control the posterior pituitary.
what hormones does the posterior pituitary contain?
It stores and releases oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin).
what is the formula for serum osmolality?
2Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
what triggers ADH to be released?
- volume contraction
- nausea
what decreases the threshold for ADH to be released?
pregnancy and pre-menses
what increases the threshold set for ADH to be released?
- chronic hypervolemia
- acute hypertension
- corticosteroids
what hormones does the anterior pituitary contain?
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- TSH
- Prolactin
- Growth Hormone
what are the two types of signals that control the release of anterior pituitary hormones?
- stimulatory hormones produced by the hypothalamus
- target organ hormone feedback
basics of ACTH? peaks?
- diurinary variation with peak 3-4AM and nadir at 10-11pm
ACTH increase in response to CRH and stress - ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids and androgens
- stimulates adrenal cortex which produces glucocorticoids
- cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH
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basics of GH?
- pulsatile fashion
- regulated by GHRH and somatostatin
- GHRH cause release of GH from the pituitary
- somatostatin/GHIH inhibits the release of GH from the pituitary
- somatostatin/GHIH also inhibit release of TSH from pituitary
basics of LH and FSH?
- produced by gonadotrophs, regulated by pulsatile secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus
- LH stimulates the secretion of sex steroids from gonads. In testes, LH binds to Leydig cell receptors to produce and secrete testosterone. THeca cells in ovary respond to LH by secretion of testosterone, which is converted into estrogen by adjacent granulosa cells.
- FSH stimulates maturation of ovarian follices and helps for sperm production.
- testosterone, estrogen and progesteorne both inhibit pituitary LH and FSH and hypothalamus GNRH
basics of prolactin regulation?
- under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine, only secreted when brake is released.
- positively regulated by TRH, GRH, and VIP. Estrogens too. (VEG-T)
- stimulation of nipples and mammary gland stimulates prolactin-stimulating hormones from the hypothalamus too.
basics of TSH regulation?
TSh secretion stimulated by hypothalamic TRH and inhibited by T3/T4 and somatostatin/GHIH
what is the first step to determine a pituitary tumor?
- if it is functionally abnormal
- if it is secreting abnormal amount of any hormone
what are the mass effect symptoms of pituitary tumor?
headache, diplopia, or visual field defects (bitemporal hemianopsia), and seizures.
you suspect pituitary tumor, what test/lab are you going to order?
- MRI to see tumor
- Prolactin
- IGF_1 to screen for acromegaly
- 24-hour urine free cortisol concentration or 1 mg overnight dexamethasone (if cortisol excess) or ACTH stim (if cortisol deficiency)
- TSH and T4
- alpha subunit, FSH, and LH
what is alpha subunit for pituitary tumor?
support diagnosis of gonadotroph adenoma, suggest mass is the pituitary origin.
define hyperprolactinemia?
prolactin level >20 ng/ml
prolactin level of 21-40 can be caused by?
- dopamine antagonists (antipsychotics, verpamil etc)
- pregnancy or estrogen use
- CKD
- hypothyroidism
- sarcoidosis and trauma (interfere with production/dopamine transport)
- food intake
- chest wall injuries/nipple stimulation in lactating women
describe what separates micro vs maroadenoma?
microadenoma<1cm; macroadenoma 1cm and higher (bigger - visual defects)
describe the pathophysiology of elevated prolactin level and resultant symptoms?
- elevated PRL causes decrease release of GnRH
- decreased GnRH causes decrease in LH and FSH
- Decrease LH and FSH causes ED ,amenorrhea, hirsutism