Neoplastic Disease of the GI Tract Flashcards
most common cancers
- lung
- breast
- colorectal
- prostate
- head and neck
what is dysplasia
abnormality in growth and differentiation
difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia
hyperplasia - tissue growth due to increase in cell number
hypertrophy - increase in cell size
def. of neoplasm
an abnormal mass of tissue
excessive and uncoordinated growth
growth persists even after evoking stimulus removed
in epithelial tissues, severe dysplasia is often referred to as…
carcinoma in situ
5 features of dysplasia
hyperchromatism (dark staining nuclei)
nuclear pleomorphism (variation in nuclear shape)
loss of orientation
cell crowding and stratification
increased and/or abnormal mitotic figures
what is cancer of epithelium called
carcinoma
what is cancer of soft tissue called
sarcoma
what is cancer of blood called
lymphoma
leukaemia
5 routes of metastasis
lymphatic
vascular
perineural and intraneural
spread across cavities
iatrogenic
effects of benign tumours
bleeding
space occupying lesions within skull
hormones
obstruction of lumen
compression of adjacent structures
what is intussesception
when polyp is dragged forward by peristalsis pulling the bowel with it and causing obstruction
what are borderline tumours
when it is difficult to predict behaviour of some neoplasms
two common forms of borderline tumours
lots of local invasion but no metastasis
appear benign but later develop metastasis
differentiation of high grade vs low grade tumours
high grade - poorly differentiated
most common cancer type in oesophagus worldwide
squamous cell carcinoma
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus
tobacco
alcohol
diet
hot drinks
infection
genetics
most common type of oesophageal cancer in UK
adenocarcinoma
risk factors for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus
acid reflux and barrett’s
what type of oesophageal cancer is a smoker and heavy drinker likely to get
squamous cell carcinoma
what is barrett’s oeosphagus
metaplasia from squamous to columnar epithelium
causes of gastric adenocarcinoma
diet
h.pylori (causing gastritis)
bile reflux
what are the two histological patterns of gastric cancer
intestinal type
diffuse type
four types of tumours in small intestine
adenocarcinoma
neuroendocrine tumours
GISTs
lymphoma
what are neuroendocrine tumours
epithelial tumours associated with the synthesis of hormone or NT like substances
what are GISTs
GI stromal tumours
soft tissue tumours that can arise anywhere in the GI tract
hamartomatous meaning
cells which are normally found in that tissue but are present in abnormal proportions and in excess
do hyperplastic colorectal polyps have malignant potential
no
what are the three types of adenoma
villous
tubulovillous
tubular
how does an adenoma progress to an adenoma carcinoma
by accumulation of mutations
and invasion into tissue wall
what genetic condition increases polyp formation in intestine
familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
what gene is inactivated in 80% of colorectal cancer
APC tumour suppressor gene
what genes/syndromes predispose to colorectal cancer
FAP
HNPCC/Lynch syndrome
who is screened for colorectal cancer in scotland
50-74s
what is the screening test for colorectal cancer
faecal occult blood test or qFIT
positive colorectal screening results in
referral for colonoscopy
