Neoplastic Disease of the GI Tract Flashcards
most common cancers
- lung
- breast
- colorectal
- prostate
- head and neck
what is dysplasia
abnormality in growth and differentiation
difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia
hyperplasia - tissue growth due to increase in cell number
hypertrophy - increase in cell size
def. of neoplasm
an abnormal mass of tissue
excessive and uncoordinated growth
growth persists even after evoking stimulus removed
in epithelial tissues, severe dysplasia is often referred to as…
carcinoma in situ
5 features of dysplasia
hyperchromatism (dark staining nuclei)
nuclear pleomorphism (variation in nuclear shape)
loss of orientation
cell crowding and stratification
increased and/or abnormal mitotic figures
what is cancer of epithelium called
carcinoma
what is cancer of soft tissue called
sarcoma
what is cancer of blood called
lymphoma
leukaemia
5 routes of metastasis
lymphatic
vascular
perineural and intraneural
spread across cavities
iatrogenic
effects of benign tumours
bleeding
space occupying lesions within skull
hormones
obstruction of lumen
compression of adjacent structures
what is intussesception
when polyp is dragged forward by peristalsis pulling the bowel with it and causing obstruction
what are borderline tumours
when it is difficult to predict behaviour of some neoplasms
two common forms of borderline tumours
lots of local invasion but no metastasis
appear benign but later develop metastasis
differentiation of high grade vs low grade tumours
high grade - poorly differentiated
