Diabetes: Clinical Features Flashcards
risk factors for type 2
genetics
ethnicity
age
central obesity
low birth weight
what are genes linked to type 2 diabetes related to
beta cell function or mass - this means the pancreas is less able to deal with weight
not obesity and insulin resistance
ethnicity more at risk of diabetes and why
south asian
lay down more visceral fat than subcutaneous compared to europeans
presentation of type 2 diabetes
asymptomatic - found on routine screening
thirst/polyuria
malaise
chronic fatigue
infections
blurred vision
complication (e.g. retinopathy or neuropathy)
what 5 things are associated with metabolic syndrome
central obesity
high BP
high triglycerides
low HDL-cholesterol
insulin resistance
which organs are damaged as a result of uncontrolled diabetes
eyes
kidneys
heart
nerves
feet
medical disorders associated with type 2 diabetes
obstructive sleep opnoea
polycystic ovarian disease
hypog hypog in men
NAFLD
type 1 presentation
polyuria
thirst
fatigue
malaise
weight loss
blurred vision
nausea
vomiting
cause of nausea and vomiting in type 1
diabetic ketoacidosis
what can be detected in type 1 before ketoacidosis
ketonuria
ketonaemia
what antibodies can be detected in blood of type 1 diabetics
one or more of
GAD
IA2
ZnT8
describe development of type 1 diabetes
begin with normal islets but have a genetic susceptibility
stage 1 - environmental triggers cause insulitis (start to see biomarkers)
stage 2 - further environmental triggers start to cause beta cell destruction (evidence of prediabetic state)
stage 3 - overt diabetes (evidence of clear cut hyperglycaemia)
geographical prevalence of type 1
more common closer to north and south poles
disorders associated with type 1
HLA - mediated autoimmune disorders including:
thyroid disease
pernicious anaemia
coeliac disease
addision’s disease
vitiligo
exocrine pancreas disorders which can cause secondary diabetes
cystic fibrosis
chronic pancreatitis due to alcoholism
haemacromatosis
pancreas tumours
trauma to pancreas
pancreatectomy
