Feeding, Fasting and Exercise

Question 1

what supplies reducing power for anabolic pathways/biosynthesis

Answer 1

NADPH

Question 2

what is the predominant pathway which makes NADPH

Answer 2

pentose-phosphate pathway

Question 3

what macromolecule has biggest energy yield and why (fat, protein, carbohydrate or alcohol)

Answer 3

fat
it is almost completely reduced

Question 4

what energy source can’t be used by the brain

Answer 4

free fatty acids/NEFA

Question 5

can fat be metabolised anaerobically

Answer 5

no oxygen is required

Question 6

disadvantage of using protein as energy source

Answer 6

all protein is functional so results in loss of function

Question 7

what processes is triacylglycerol → free fatty acid

Answer 7

lipolysis

Question 8

name of glycogen → glucose

Answer 8

glyconeogenesis

Question 9

name of glucose → pyruvate

Answer 9

glycolysis

Question 10

name of protein → amino acids

Answer 10

proteolysis

Question 11

plasma concentration of glucose

Answer 11

4-5.5

Question 12

plasma concentration of protein

Answer 12

4

Question 13

what other than the brain can only metabolise glucose

Answer 13

erythrocytes
others (e.g. renal medulla)

Question 14

can glucose be made from free fatty acids

Answer 14

no

Question 15

describe pathway of fat metabolism

Answer 15

triacylglycerol eaten → formed into chylomicrons in plasma → broken down into triacylglycerol and stored in adipose tissue

Question 16

what happens to triacylglycerol in fasting or exercise

Answer 16

broken down into free fatty acids in plasma which can be used by the muscle or liver but not the brain

Question 17

what is a waste product of fat metabolism in muscles

Answer 17

co2

Question 18

what are the waste products of fat metabolism in the liver

Answer 18

co2 and ketone bodies

Question 19

where do ketone bodies go once they are produced in the liver

Answer 19

into the plasma and then across the BBB into the brain

Question 20

what is myoglobin

Answer 20

protein which stored oxygen in muscles

Question 21

which muscle fibres are fast twitch and which are slow twitch

Answer 21

slow - type 1 - red
fast - type 2 - white

Question 22

myoglobin content in type 1 and 2 fibres

Answer 22

1 - high
2 - low

Question 23

what is fuels are used for muscle contraction in a sprint

Answer 23

anaerobic exercise so
1. muscle ATP
2. creatinine phosphate
3. muscle glycogen

Question 24

what is fuels are used for muscle contraction in a marathon

Answer 24

aerobic exercise so
1. muscle ATP
2. creatinine phosphate
3. muscle glycogen
4. plasma fatty acids
5. plasma glucose from liver glycogen and gluconeogenesis

Question 25

where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place

Answer 25

mitochondria

Question 26

what hormone phosphorylates ATP

Answer 26

phosphatase

Question 27

what hormone makes ADP from ATP

Answer 27

kinase