neoplasim ii Flashcards
Carcinoma > 90%
Lymphoma
Leukaemia
Sarcoma
Malignant Melanoma
Rare Neoplasms
Mixed Neoplasms (e.g. carcinosarcoma)
Embryonic Neoplasms - Children
Germ Cell Neoplasms - Testis and Ovary
Glial Neoplasms - Brain
are all —- neoplasms
malignant ( check slide 4)
malignant tumour of epithelium is – which is invasive and curable if its in — stage
carcinoma
in situ
in situ carcinoma:
* No invasion beyond the —
* Basement membrane - separates epithelium from the underlying
tissue
* Cannot — adjacent tissue and not capable of — as they have no access to lymphatics or blood vessels
* Examples:
* Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of skin (Bowen disease)
* Ductal carcinoma in situ of breast (DCIS)
* Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of uterine cervix (CIN)
* Invasive carcinoma
– Invades through — and is therefore capable of— through the vascular or lymphatic system
basement membrane
invade
metastasising
basement membrane
metastis
( check slide 8,9)
carinoma classification:
Classification based on the type of — from which the
tumour arises
— cell carcinoma
—
— – well differentiated NE tumours (e.g.carcinoid) & neuroendocrine carcinoma (e.g. small cell)
— carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma)
— cell carcinoma
— carcinoma
— carcinomas e.g. adenosquamous carcinoma
epithelium
squamous
adenocarcinoma
neuroendocrine
urothelial
basal
undifferentiated
mixed
clarification of lymphomas:
- lymph a is malignancy is — which includes — , — and –
hodgkin vs non hodgkin lymphoma:
- non hodgkin is — vs —-
- — vs —-
lymphocyte
b cells T cells n their precurosirs
T cell vs b cell
nodal vs extranodal
leukaemia is malignancy of — (myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid, megakaryocytic); present in – and circulate in the —
- its — vs —
- — vs —
- examples:
bone marrow cells
bone marrow
peripheral blood
acute vs chronic
amyloid vs lymphoblastic / lymphocytic
examples:
Acute myeloid leukaemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Chronic myeloid leukaemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
—- tumours of mesychymal organs examples:
Osteosarcoma ( — )
Chondrosarcoma ( — )
Angiosarcoma ( — )
Liposarcoma ( —- )
Leiomyosarcoma ( — )
sarcoma
bone
cartlige
blood vessel
adipose
smooth
clinical presentation of malignant neoplasm: ( clinically )
Effect of —
Effect of —
Effect of — secretion
— effects
General effects of — disease
primary tumour
metastasis
hormone
paraneoplastic
malignant
clinical presentation of malignant neoplasm :
Effects of primary tumour:
1. — e.g. cancer of the breast
2. — e.g. colon
3. — - Haemoptysis
- Haematemesis
- Melaena
- P.R. bleeding
- P.V. bleeding
- Fe deficiency anaemia
4. — e.g. involving/infiltrating nerves, due to obstruction, etc.
4. Loss of — e.g. fracture of bone
mass forming
obstruction
bleeding
pain
function
effects of metastasis:
* — / — - e.g. axillary nodal mass
* — - e.g. of — due to a metastasis – signs of infection, shortness of breath (dyspnoea)
* — - e.g. —- due to lung metastasis
* Loss of — - e.g. — due to metastasis to brain, bone fracture, etc.
* —
lump / mass
obstruction
bronchus
bleeding
haemoptysis
function
stroke
ascites
effects of hormone secretion :
* ACTH secretion from — cell ca of lung causing —
* Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) from — cell carcinoma of the lung causing —
crushing syndrome
small
squamous
hypercalacaemia
effects of paraneoplastic syndrome:
- peripheral neuropathy
- dermatomytositis
general effects of malignancy :
1- —-
2- —-
3- —
- Weight loss / cachexia
- Fatigue / lassitude
- Anorexia – loss of appetite
diagnosis of malignancy:
1- —
2- —-
3- — test as:
– — tests: FBC, U&E, LFTs, tumour markers
– — : CT, MRI, PET
– — : FNA, Biopsy, Resection
clinical history
clinical examination
ancillary
blood
radiology
pathology
( check slide 23 ,24 , 25,28,31 )
squamous cell carcinoma occur at any area lined by —- as —
squamous epithelium
skin mouth oesophagus uterine cervix
squamous cell carcinoma :
- resemblacne to —
- —- production
- how do we know its sqaoumous :
* — on microscopy to assess likely biological behaviour
* Well differentiated
* Moderately differentiated
* Poorly differentiated
squamous cells
+/- keratin
grading
adenocarcima have many different types and these occur in :
- the origin and resemblance to — or —
- — production
- —- formation
- grading :
* Well differentiated
* Moderately differentiated
* Poorly differentiated
– GIT
– BREAST
– THYROID
– UTERUS
– KIDNEY
glandular or columnar epithelium
+ mucin
+ granular
small cell carcinoma usually arise in — but can occur at other sites
- high grade — carcinoma
- arises from —- ce;;s
- may be associated w — effects
- may be associated w — effects
* Sheets of small cells with
hyperchromatic nuclei,
inconspicuous nucleoli and
minimal cytoplasm, molding
of nuclei (nuclei indent one
another)
* Express neuroendocrine
proteins (detected by
immunohistochemical stains)
– Chromogranin-A,
Synaptophysin, CD56
lungs
neuroendocrine
neruendocrine cells
hormonal
paraneoplatic
neuroendocrine tumours are:
– — -differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (in lung – carcinoid/atypical carcinoid nomenclature used)
– Neuroendocrine carcinoma (small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma)
Most – carcinoma biologically
well
aggressive
urothelial carcinoma are – cell carcinoma
- these arise/ resembles —- aka — epithelium
- Normal urothelium lines
bladder, ureters, urethra and
renal pelvis
* In situ versus invasive
( Why is it necessary to know the type of carcinoma?
* Is it a primary tumour or a metastasis?
* Prognosis and treatment options may depend on the type of carcinoma.
Will the current method of neoplasm classification, based on morphology,
change in the future?
- Molecular analysis / personalised medicine)
transitional
urothelium
