intro to neoplasma

Question 1

neoplasm is uncontrolled — leading to a mass or nodule , means new growth in a tissue or part of the body, the term is especially used in relation to cancer.

Answer 1

cell proliferation

Question 2

A —- is a growth due to uncontrolled cell proliferation
* A — is any type of a swelling or mass in any part of the body caused by abnormal growth of tissue, it
may be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous
(benign).

Answer 2

neoplasm
tumour

Question 3

 Tumour-like malformation made up of an abnormal admixture of cells
 Benign
 It may be a developmental
error/malformation rather than neoplasm
Occur in different parts of body e.g. lung/liver
Asymptomatic (usually)
is knwon as

Answer 3

hamartoma

Question 4

in cell proliferation :
- controlled leads to — which indicated overgrowth of —- tissues
- uncontrolled leads to — which indicates — process is happening

Answer 4

hyperplasiaa
benign/normal
malignant

Question 5

—- is the process of excessive and uncontrolled cell proliferation and is very important in pathology
- neoplasm can be — or —
- the communist malignant neoplasim is — which is cancer arising from — tissue of the skin or the — of the internal organs

Answer 5

neoplastic proliferation
begnin or malignant
carcinoma
epithelial tissue
lining
( check slide 13)

Question 6

• Cancer cells that have formed but not yet spread to nearby tissue
• These are malignant neoplastic cells that have not yet breached what is known as the basement membrane
  is a type of — carcinoma

Answer 6

its carcinoma in situ

Question 7

most common cancers in Ireland :

Answer 7

Skin
* Prostate
* Breast
* Bowel
* Lung

Question 8

• bengin neoplasm are — but are not — and cant —
• different macroscopical n microscopical features from malignant neoplasm therefore — neccesseray to confirm that they are benign
  sometimes benign neoplasm can become — over time as adenoma of colon

Answer 8

neoplastic
not malignant
metastasis
pathological assessment
malignant

Question 9

macroscopical appearance of benign neoplasm :
 Well —
 Often —-
 Rarely —-
 Rarely —-
 Malignant neoplasms may show — and —
- examples of benign epithelial neoplasms:
- examples of being connective tissue neoplasm :

Answer 9

circumscribed
encapsulated
haemorrhage
necrosis
haemorrhage n necrosis
( check slide 20-29 so important )
 GIT Adenomas
 Thyroid Adenomas
 Bladder Transitional/urothelial papillomas
 Ovary Adenoma
 Breast Adenoma
 Skin Squamous papilloma
- connective tissues :
 Lipoma (Fat)
 Neuroma (Nerve)
 Angioma (Vessel)
 Chondroma (Cartilage)

Question 10

clinical presentation of beign neoplasms:
 Usually — – but not always
 Can present as a new — that the patient has noticed
 Incidental discovery on – or imaging ”incidentaloma”
 — (rare) Haematemasis (Vomiting blood)
Haemoptysis(Coughing of blood)
Malaena (Black Stools)
Per vaginum
Fe Deficiency Anaemia
 — Cerebral Stroke
Git Obstruction
Prostatic Outflow
Obstruction
- the aetilogy of benign neoplasms are poorly understood similar to that of a malignant neoplasm but the
cells have not become abnormal enough to be able to invade

Answer 10

asymptomatic
lump
CT
bleeding
mass effect

Question 11

benign neoplasm can undergo — change as —- to —- this is the reason for colonic screening
- they become malignant due to additional —- which facilitate invasion

Answer 11

malignant
adenoma of colon
carcinoma of colon
genetic alteration

Question 12

the pathologist can tell the difference between normal cell , benign and malignant neoplasm by microscopical assessment of :
Microscopical assessment of
* The — features
* The — of the cells
* Assessment of — of the epithelium

Answer 12

nuclear
architecture
maturation

Question 13

how do we differentiate between malignant cells vs benign cells microscopically :
* Altered morphology - – & – of cell
* Altered architecture – — of cells
* Altered —
* Altered — profile
* These alterations are more marked in — cells than in — cells.

Answer 13

shape n size
arrangment
function
genetic
malignant than benign

Question 14

nuclear features of microscopical assessment of malginancy :
NUCLEI SHOW VARYING DEGREES OF:
 —
 —
 Increased — activity
 – ratio
- Architectural Features
 — of architecture
 Loss of –

Answer 14

pleomorphism
hyperchromasia
mitotic
nuclear/cytoplasmic
distruption
maturation

Question 15

3 uses of NUCLEAR cytological features is to :
1- distinguish between —-
2- distinguish between —
3- — maliganant neoplasm

Answer 15

– Normal cells/benign neoplasms
– Benign neoplasms and malignant
neoplasms
- grade

Question 16

malignancy pathological findings macroscopic features include :

Answer 16

– Haemorrhage
– Necrosis
– Invasion

Question 17

microscopic feature of malignancy :

Answer 17

 Hyperchromasia
 Mitoses
 N/C Ratio ( high ? )
 Pleomorphism
- Loss Of Maturation
- These features are more pronounced than in benign tumours.
Other features allow identification of different types , check slide 39 to 45

Question 18

classification of neoplasm :
1- —
2- — which could be
- —- as :
 — - 90%
 — - 3%
 — - 1%
- or —- aka —

Answer 18

benign
malignant
primary
carcinoma
lymphoma
sarcoma
secondary
metastasis

Question 19

-Malignant neoplasms are capable of—
this is the essential feature that separates them from benign neoplasms
-which is why — is not always curative and — maybe required
- it can be differentiated from begin neoplasm by evidence of — or —
- Surgery may not be curative if — has
occurred
- Tumour cells have travelled in the blood to distant sites
but have not yet proliferated to the point of having
formed a mass

Answer 19

metastais check slide 47-57
surgery
chemo
invasion and/or microscopical nuclear features
micrometastsis