Neoplasia VI

Question 1

what repair pathway is responsible for UV damage?

Answer 1

nucleotide excision repair pathway

Question 2

what is the pathogenesis of hep B hepatocellular CA?

Answer 2

encodes regulatory protein HBx - activates growth promoting genes IGFs and binds / inhibits p53

Question 3

EBV is associated with what types of cancer?

Answer 3

burkitt lymphoma, hodgkin lymphoma, B cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal CA

Question 4

which subtypes of HPV are associated with cancer?

Answer 4

1. high risk - 16, 18, 31 2. benign - 6, 11

Question 5

what is the pathogenesis of HTLV-1?

Answer 5

1. CD4 tropism 2. Tax gene stimulates transcription of viral mRNA, IL-2 (T cell growth factor)

Question 6

how is H. pylori associated with gastric lymphoma and gastric CA?

Answer 6

CagA stimulates growth factor pathway

Question 7

definition: paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 7

distant effects of a tumor unrelated to primary tumor or metastasis

Question 8

acnathosis nigricans is associated with what type of cancer?

Answer 8

stomach CA

Question 9

what skin lesions are associated with stomach CA?

Answer 9

1. acnathosis nigricans 2. Leser-Trelat sign (multiple outcroppings of pigmented seborrheic keratosis)

Question 10

carcinoid syndrome is associated with what type of tumor?

Answer 10

neuroendocrine tumors in the appendix or small intestine

Question 11

what do neuroendocrine tumors produce in carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 11

serotonin

Question 12

what are the clinical features of carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 12

flushing, tachycardia, diarrhea, bronchospasm

Question 13

what is the diagnosis for carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 13

urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (serotonin metabolite)

Question 14

what are causes for hypercalcemia in malignancy?

Answer 14

squamous cell CA of lung, renal cell CA, osteolytic bony metastasis, breast cancer

Question 15

what cancer is associated with hypocalcemia? hormone responsible?

Answer 15

1. medullary CA of thyroid 2. calcitonin

Question 16

what cancer is associated with gynecomastia? hormone responsible?

Answer 16

1. chorioCA testis 2. B-HCG

Question 17

what cancer is associated with eaton lambert syndrome?

Answer 17

1. small cell CA of lung 2. myasthenia gravis like syndrome

Question 18

when is IHC indicated in the diagnosis of a tumor?

Answer 18

1. if origin is unknown 2. categorization of a leukemia 3. site of origin of a metastasis

Question 19

what is the tumor marker for epithelial origin?

Answer 19

cytokeratin, keratin, or epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)

Question 20

what are the tumor markers for mesenchymal origin?

Answer 20

1. vimentin 2. desmin - specific to muscle

Question 21

what is the tumor marker for leukocyte origin?

Answer 21

LCA - leukocyte common antigen

Question 22

what are the tumor markers for neuronal origin?

Answer 22

1. neuron-specific enolase 2. chromogranin 3. synaptophysin

Question 23

what are the tumor markers for thyroid cancer? ALL? seminoma? vascular neoplasms?

Answer 23

1. thyroglobulin 2. CD10 (CALLA) 3. placental alkaline phosphatase 4. vWF, CD31

Question 24

what is the tumor marker for ovarian CA?

Answer 24

CA-125

Question 25

what is the tumor marker for hepatocellular CA and germ cell tumors of testes or ovary?

Answer 25

AFP (alpha fetoprotein)

Question 26

what is the tumor marker for small cell CA of the lung?

Answer 26

NSE

Question 27

what is the tumor marker for medullary thyroid CA?

Answer 27

calcitonin

Question 28

what is the tumor marker for colon cancer, pancreatic cancer?

Answer 28

CA 19-9

Question 29

what is the tumor marker for breast CA?

Answer 29

CA 15-3