Neoplasia III

Question 1

what are the 4 steps of tumor invasion of ECM?

Answer 1

1. detachment 2. attachment to matrix 3. degradation of ECM 4. migration of tumor cells

Question 2

the presence of what receptor type allows tumor cells to attach to the ECM?

Answer 2

laminin

Question 3

which cells release MMP to degrade type IV BM collagen?

Answer 3

tumor cells (self productivity) or stromal fibroblasts / inflammatory cells

Question 4

what molecules play a role in migration of tumor cells through ECM / basement membrane?

Answer 4

fibronectin and motility factor

Question 5

expression of what molecule on tumor cells favors metastasis?

Answer 5

CD44

Question 6

what are the exceptions to carcinoma - lymphatic spread?

Answer 6

1. follicular carcinoma (local invasion) 2. renal cell carcinoma (hematogenous) 3. hepatocellular carcinoma (hematogenous)

Question 7

which organs are usually involved in hematogenous spread?

Answer 7

liver, lungs, brain, bone

Question 8

what venous plexus connects the vena cava to the vertebral bodies?

Answer 8

Batson paravertebral plexus

Question 9

increased serum alkaline phosphatase is indicative of what type of bony metastasis?

Answer 9

osteoblastic

Question 10

osteolytic metastatic tumors produce what factors?

Answer 10

osteoclast-activating factors PGE-2, IL-1

Question 11

what is the common metastasis site for stomach adenocarcinoma?

Answer 11

virchow’s left supraclavicular node

Question 12

what is the common metastasis site for breast cancer?

Answer 12

lung, bone

Question 13

what is the common metastasis site for colorectal cancer?

Answer 13

liver

Question 14

what is the common metastasis site for renal adenocarcinoma?

Answer 14

lung

Question 15

what is the common metastasis site for lung?

Answer 15

adrenal / liver

Question 16

what is the common metastasis site for melanoma?

Answer 16

liver / lung

Question 17

what is the common metastasis site for prostate?

Answer 17

bone

Question 18

what is the common metastasis site for testicular tumors?

Answer 18

para-aortic bodies

Question 19

what are the grading criteria for a tumor?

Answer 19

1. degree of differentiation 2. mitotic index 3. uptake of BrdU

Question 20

what is BrdU?

Answer 20

proliferation marker - thymidine analog - high uptake suggests high grade tumor and poor prognosis

Question 21

what is the TNM system of staging?

Answer 21

T - size of primary tumor N - nodal involvement M - distant metastases

Question 22

arsenic is associated with what types of cancer?

Answer 22

lung, skin, hemangiosarcoma

Question 23

asbestos is associated with what types of cancer?

Answer 23

lung, mesothelioma, GIT (esophagus, stomach, large intestine)

Question 24

nickel is associated with what types of cancer?

Answer 24

nose, lung

Question 25

radon is associated with what types of cancer?

Answer 25

lung

Question 26

vinyl chloride is associated with what types of cancer?

Answer 26

angiosarcoma of liver

Question 27

bladder cancer is associated with what environmental factor?

Answer 27

aniline dyes