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Year 1 Pathology > Acute inflammation II > Flashcards

Acute inflammation II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of histamine and serotonin on arterioles?

A

Vasodilation

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2
Q

What is the effect of histamine and serotonin on large arteries?

A

Vasoconstriction

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3
Q

What is the effect of histamine and serotonin on postcapillarly venules?

A

Increased permeability

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4
Q

Where are vasoactive amines stored?

A

Preformed granules of mast cells, basophils, and platelets

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5
Q

What is the critical step of complement activation?

A

Cleavage of C3

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6
Q

What initiates the classical complement pathway?

A

Binding of an antigen-antibody complex to C1

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7
Q

What initiates the alternate complement pathway?

A

C3 directly activated by endotoxin, IgA

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8
Q

What initiates the lectin complement pathway?

A

C1 activation by binding of mannose-binding lectin to carbohydrates on microbes

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9
Q

C3a, C4a, and C5a stimulate release of what compound?

A

Histamine

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10
Q

What are the roles of C5a?

A
  1. Chemotaxis of monocytes and granulocytes 2. Increase surface expression of leukocyte CAM 3. Activate LOX pathway in neutrophils and monocytes
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11
Q

What does the activation of Hageman factor (XII) do?

A

Triggers kinin system and clotting cascade

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12
Q

Bradykinin is inactivated by what enzyme?

A

Plasma kininase

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13
Q

What are the roles of bradykinin?

A
  1. Increase vascular permeability 2. Dilate blood vessels 3. Contract non-vascular smooth muscle 4. Cause pain
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14
Q

What molecules links coagulation to inflammation?

A

Thrombin

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15
Q

What does thrombin bind to on platelets, endothelium, and smooth muscle cells?

A

Platelet activated receptors (PARs)

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16
Q

Once bound to thrombin, what are the functions of PARs?

A
  1. Mobilize P-selectin 2. Produce chemokines, PAF, NO 3. Stimulate endothelial adhesion molecule formation 4. induce COX-2 and production of PGs 5. Induce changes in endothelial shape
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17
Q

What is the main role of plasmin?

A

Lysyes fibrin clots to form fibrin split products to increase vascular permeability in skin and lung

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18
Q

What are the arachidonic acid metabolites of the COX pathway?

A

TXA-2, PGI-2, PGE-2, PGD-2, PGF-2

19
Q

What is the function of TXA-2?

A

Potent platelet aggregator and VASOCONSTRICTOR

20
Q

What is the function of PGI-2?

A

Inhibitor of platelet aggregation and VASODILATOR

21
Q

What are the roles of PGD-2, PGF-2, and PGE-2?

A

Vasodilation and edema formation

22
Q

What are the roles of PGE-2?

A

Sensitizes skin to painful stimuli, cytokine-induced fever, vasodilation, edema formation

23
Q

What are the roles of leukotriene B4?

A

Potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, causes aggregation and adhesion to endothelial cells, generation of ROS, and release of lysosomes

24
Q

What are the roles of leukotrienes C4, D4, E4?

A

Intense vasoconstriction and bronchospasm, and increase vascular permeability

25
Q

What is the general role of lipoxins?

A

Neutralize the function of leukotrienes

26
Q

What are the roles of lipoxin A4 and B4?

A

Inhibit neutrophil adhesion to endothelium and neutrophil chemotaxis

27
Q

What is the function of platelet activating factors (PAFs) at normal or high concentrations?

A

Vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction

28
Q

What is the function of platelet activating factors (PAFs) at LOW concentrations?

A

Vasodilation and venular permeability

29
Q

Activated macrophages produced which main cytokines?

A

IL-1 and TNFa

30
Q

What are the effects of IL-1 and TNFa on endothelial cells?

A
  1. Increase leukocyte adherence 2. Stimulate PGI synthesis 3. Increase procoagulant activity 4. Increase production of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, PDGF
31
Q

What are the effects of IL-1 and TNFa on leukocytes?

A

Increased cytokine secretion of IL-1, IL-6

32
Q

C-X-C or alpha chemokines act primarily on which cell type?

A

Neutrophils

33
Q

C-C or beta chemokines act primarily on which cell type?

A

Many cells but NOT neutrophils

34
Q

C or gamma chemokines act primarily on which cell type?

A

Specific for lymphocytes

35
Q

C-X-3C chemokines act primarily on which cell type?

A

Monocytes and T cells

36
Q

What are the general roles of NO?

A

Reduce aggregation and dilate vasculature

37
Q

What are the outcomes of extracellular ROS release?

A
  1. Endothelial cell damage 2. Inactivation of antiproteases 3. Injury to other cells
38
Q

In general, which compounds are involved in vasodilation during acute inflammation?

A

PG, NO

39
Q

In general, which compounds are involved in vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

A

Histamine / serotonin, C3a / C5a, bradykinin, leukotrienes (C, D, E), PAF, substance P

40
Q

In general, which compounds are involved in chemotaxis and leukocyte activation during acute inflammation?

A

C5a, LTB-4, chemokines

41
Q

In general, which compounds are involved in fever during acute inflammation?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNFa

42
Q

In general, which compounds are involved in pain during acute inflammation?

A

PG, bradykinin

43
Q

In general, which compounds are involved in tissue damage during acute inflammation?

A

Lysosomal enzymes, oxygen metabolites, NO

Year 1 Pathology (25 decks)

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