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RUSVM Parasit SPR 2020 > NEMATODES: Ascaridoidea spp. > Flashcards

NEMATODES: Ascaridoidea spp. Flashcards

1
Q

While host specific, these intestinal parasites are large, white nematodes with 3 lips, as well as containing thick-shelled eggs (due to a proteinaceous layer), and have a direct life cycle. What nematodes are being described?

A

Ascarids or roundworms

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2
Q

What species of ascarids can be often associated with heavy infections in puppies before there diagnostics can be performed?

A

Toxacara canis

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3
Q

What infective stage(s) are associated with ascarids?

A

L2 or L3

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4
Q

What migrational pattern do most ascarids undertake?

A

Hepatic-tracheal migrations until the adults reach the small intestine

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5
Q

Will ascarids have a high or low fecundity?

A

High (producing large amounts of eggs)

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6
Q

In adults, is there a stronger or weaker immunity to ascarid infections?

A

Stronger, as infectious stages of development will be inhibited, washed out, or arrested since they will be unable to complete their life cycle.

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7
Q

True or False: When hepatic-tracheal migration occurs in fetal pups, the migrating larvae wait in the liver and lungs until the pups are born, at which time they resume their migration across the lungs to the airways

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: Since somatic infection is very common in adult dogs, veterinarians should assume that essentially every pup is likely to harbor developing ascarids in the small intestine, and thus young animals should be routinely dewormed for Anyclostoma spp.

A

False, this is true of Toxacara spp.

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9
Q

Due to increased toxacara parasite loads in young puppies, what can occur?

A

Obstruction leading to intestinal perforations, as well as vomitus and diarrhea containing adults

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10
Q

What methods of transmission can be utilized by T. canis?

A

Per os, Transmammary (lesser extent than hookworms), PH’s and most importantly transplacental/ prenatal

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11
Q

What is the PPP of Toxacara canis, and how does this relate to puppies younger than 3 weeks of age?

A

2 (transmammary) or 4 weeks (ingestion), and if they are younger than 3 weeks of age and infected prenatally in utero, than they will not shed any eggs in their feces

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12
Q

What treatment and preventative methods can be used to decrease T. canis infections?

A

Routine deworming of the dam and puppies (at 2, 4, 6, and 8 wks of age), managing the environment (sanitation, removing fresh feces, etc.), and treating to eliminate the L4’s and L5/IA’s before egg shedding

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13
Q

Since T. canis is zoonotic, what can occur in regards to larval migrations?

A

Can lead to OCL (ocular larval migrans or ocular toxocaraiasis) and VCL (visceral larval migrans) in humans

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14
Q

Who is the DH for T. canis, ans who is an example of an AH?

A

DH = Dogs

AH = Humans

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15
Q

Who is the DH for Toxocara cati?

A

Cats

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16
Q

What difference is noted in the transmission of T. canis and T. cati?

A

There is no transplacental/ prenatal transmission of T. cati leading to the effection of older cats

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17
Q

Can paratenic hosts be associated with both T. canis and T. cati?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Who are the DH’s for Toxacaris leonina?

A

Cats and dogs

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19
Q

What is the difference in the structure of the eggs of T. canis, T. cati, and T. leonina?

A

T. leonina has a smooth, ovoid, thick-shelled egg, as it lacks a proteinaceous layer, but also has a more vacuolated internal appearance

20
Q

Eggs shed by adult Toxacara leonina have larvae present in what stage, which are released into the small intestine following consumption of the DH’s?

A

L2

21
Q

What is the PPP of Toxacaris leonina?

A

8 - 11 weeks

22
Q

What is the PPP of Toxacara cati?

A

4 weeks transmammary, 6 - 8 weeks if ingested

23
Q

Will you have an increase or decreased immunity with T. leonina? Increased or decreased pathogenicity?

A

Decreased immunity and pathogenicity, as they migrate locally and are not attributed with lung diseases (pneumonia, etc.)

24
Q

Who are the DH’s, PH’s, and AH’s assocaited with Baylisascaris procyonis?

A

DH = Raccoons

PH = Birds, rabbits, and other small mammals

AH = Dogs

25
Q

After ingestion of infective eggs, larvae of B. procyonis, like those of other ascarids, migrate through the abdominal organs and the musculature, but have a propensity to invade what tissues (resulting in a severe pathology)?

A

The CNS

26
Q

Who are the DH’s of Parascaris equorum?

A

Equids

27
Q

Which transmission is only utilized by Parascaris equorum?

A) Cutaneous
B) Per os
C) Transmammary
D) Prenatal

A

B) Per os

28
Q

What is the PPP of Parascaris equorum?

A

10 - 12 weeks (2 - 3 months)

29
Q

Which diagnostic test should be utilized for Parascaris equorum confirmation?

A

McMaster fecal flotation

30
Q

True or False: Larvated Parascaris eggs remain viable for 10 years or more, so one patent infection on a premise can affect several future generations of foals

A

True

31
Q

Similarly to other ascarids, P equorum can lead to what conditions?

A

Obstruction, performation, intusseption, poor coat, and reduced weight gain

32
Q

Is there any associated antihelminthis resistance with Parascaris equorum?

A

Yes

33
Q

What other Parascaris sp. can Parascaris equorum be mistaken for, and would require genetic karotyping techniques to see a 0.16% difference in chromosomal make-up?

A

Parascaris univalens

34
Q

Parascaris univalens more commonly infects younger or older horses?

A

Older or adult horses

35
Q

Parascaris equorum is associated with infecting younger or older horses?

A

Younger (foals)

36
Q

Who are the DH’s and IH’s for Ascaris suum?

A

DH = Pigs

IH = Earthworm, beetle

37
Q

What modes of infection or transmission are associated with Ascaris suum?

A

Per os and paratenic hosts only

38
Q

True or False: There is no consequence of touching adult Ascaris suum with your bare hands.

A

False, it leads to a delayed allergic response

39
Q

What is the PPP of Ascaris suum?

A

6 - 8 weeks (1 - 2 months)

40
Q

Does Ascaris suum follow the majority of ascarids in hepatic-tracheal migration?

A

Yes

41
Q

Upon necropsy, what organ will be condemned resulting in production losses, as a result of A. suum infections?

A

The liver

42
Q

Ascaris suum will exhibit what respiratory condition due its hepatic-tracheal migration route from the intestines?

A

Pneumonia, more severe in piglets under 4 months of age

43
Q

Is T. canis or A. suum more persistent and resistant?

A

Ascaris suum

44
Q

What can be done to treat against Ascaris suum infections in both outdoor and indoor production units?

A

Reduce/ eliminate sources of infection, treat and wash sows pre-farrowing (giving birth), and treat weaned piglets with antihelminthics in feed.

45
Q

T. canis can’t be treated with which of the following antihelminthics?

A) Fenbendazole
B) Ivermectin
C) Selamectin
D) Tricalbendazole

A

D) Tricalbendazole, which is only for Fasciola spp. which are trematodes

RUSVM Parasit SPR 2020 (25 decks)

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