NCMB312 DECK 1 Flashcards by KYLE ANGEL ESPEJON

COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN OXYGENATION

Heart
Lungs
Red Blood Cells
Blood Vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cone-shaped hollow muscular organ

Heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart located in the -between the lungs

mediastinum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart pumps about ml/beat

60ml/beat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart pumps about L/min

5L/min

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

protective covering of the heart

Pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Innermost layer of cardiac muscle tissue

Endocardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue, responsible for the pumping action

Myocardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

outermost layer of cardiac muscle tissue

Epicardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 LAYERS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

Right atrium
Right Ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Right atrium/atrial pressure

0-5 mmHg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Right ventricle pressure

25 mmHg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Valves of the Heart

Atrioventricular valves, Semilunar valves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior VenaCava, Coronary sinus

Right atrium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

blood enters the right atrium via three veins

superior venacava, inferior venacava, coronary sinus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Left Ventricle, Ventricular septum, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle, RV (lesser extent)

Left anterior descending

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Left Atria, lateral & posterior surfaces of LV, portion of interventricular septum, SA node, AV node

Circumflex coronary artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inflammation of the pericardium

PERICARDITIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Associated w/ the following:
– Malignant neoplasms
– Post-MI syndrome (Dressler’s syndrome)
– Postpericardiotomy syndrome
– Systemic connective tissue disease
– Renal failure

PERICARDITIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chronic Pericardial Inflammation causes fibrous thickening of the pericardium

PERICARDITIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Assessment found
– PAIN radiating to the neck, shoulder & back
 aggravated by inspiration, coughing & swallowing
 worst in supine position (relieved by sitting up & leaning forward)
– Pericardial friction rub (scratchy high pitch sound)

PERICARDITIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INTERVENTION for uremic pericarditis

Hemodialysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INTERVENTION for chronic constrictive pericarditis

Pericardiectomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in PERICARDITIS, the complication to monitor is

pericardial effusion

A build-up of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac puts pressure on the heart, which may prevent it from pumping effectively.

CARDIAC TAMPONADE

Findings: – Jugular distention – decrease cardiac output – Muffled heart sounds – Circulatory collapse

CARDIAC TAMPONADE

In CARDIAC TAMPONADE, the Paradoxical pulse is systolic BP - or more on expiration than on inspiration

10mmHg

emergency care for CARDIAC TAMPONADE

pericardiocentesis

CAUSE – Viral, bacteral, fungal & parasitic infection – Chronic alcohol & cocaine abuse – Due to ischemia: tachycardia, dysrhythmias

MYOCARDITIS

ASSESSMENT – PAIN, Fever, Tachycardia, Dysrhythmias, Dyspnea, Malaise, Fatigue, Anorexia, Pale or cyanotic skin, signs of RSHF

MYOCARDITIS

ASSESSMENT – increase WBC count, elevated CRP, elevated cardiac isoenzymes, abnormal ECG – Abnormal chest radiography, Echocardiography

MYOCARDITIS

An infection of the innermost layers of the heart. It may occur in people with congenital and valvular diseases, and those who have had rheumatic fever.

ENDOCARDITIS/RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

It may occur in people with congenital and valvular diseases, and those who have had rheumatic fever.

ENDOCARDITIS/RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

ENDOCARDITIS also known as

RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

 MAJOR/ CLASSIC SYMPTOMS – Carditis – Polyarthritis – Subcutaneous nodules – Erythema marginatum

ENDOCARDITIS/RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

– Characterized by formation of Aschoff’s bodies – Murmur (valve damage) – pericardial friction rub (pericarditis) – CHF

CARDITIS

– Swelling of several joints (knees, ankle, hips, shoulders) that is warm, red and painful

POLYARTHRITIS

– Involuntary grimacing & inability to use skeletal muscles in a coordinated manner – Involvement of CNS

CHOREA

– Sometimes marble-sized nodules appear around the joints

SUBCUTANEOUS NODULES

– Red, spotty rashes on the trunk that disappears rapidly leaving irregular circles on the skin

ERYTHEMA MARGINATUM

STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS fever in Celsius

38.9 - 40°C

STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS fever in fahrenheit

101 - 104°F

– Chills – Sore throat (sudden onset) – diffuse redness of throat with exudates on oropharynx – Enlarge & tender lymph nodes – Abdominal pain ( common in children) – Acute sinusitis & acute otitis media

STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS

Antibiotic for Endocarditis

penicillin

control blood clot formation around the valves)

Aspirin

Steroids

suppresses inflammation

“Pump failure”, inadequacy of the heart to pump blood throughout the body. Heart is unable to pump blood around the body.

HEART FAILURE

accumulation of blood & fluid in organs & tissues due to impaired circulation

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

CAUSES – Damage to muscular wall (Myocardial infarction (MI)/M.I.) damage to heart muscle from a heart attack – Cardiomyopathy (diseases of the heart muscle) – HIgh Blood Pressure/Hypertension – Coronary artery disease/CAD – Valvular defects (valve in the heart has damage) – Infections

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Patients in - feel like they are drowning.

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Heart sounds of a patient in CHF will resemble that of a -

Galloping Horse

DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS using Chest x-rays in patient with CHF

cardiomegaly

DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS using ECG in patient with CHF

ventricular hypertrophy, dysrhythmias

Echocardiography – reveals cardiac valvular changes, pericardial effusions, chamber enlargement, ventricular hypertrophy

HEART FAILURE

Diuretics for CHF

Furosemide (Lasix), Chlorothiazide (Diuril)

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for HEART FAILURE

Low-sodium diet, fluid restriction

loss of apetite, N&V, rapid, slow, irregular heart rate, disturbance in color vision

DIGITALIS toxicity

Digitalis: Digoxin (Lanoxin), Dopamine (Intropin), Dobutamine (Dobutrex)

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

 initiate an impulse spontaneously & repetitively

Automaticity

Vasodilators (Nitroglycerin), ACE inhibitors (pril)

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

(depolarization): respond to a stimulus

Excitability

AV (atrioventricular) node

40-60 beats/min

Purkinje fibers

20-40 beats/min

SA (sinoatrial) node

60-100 times/min

(contraction) – emptying

Systole

(relaxation) – filling

Diastole

Cardiac Output formula

Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

Risk Factors Modifiable * High blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia) * Cigarette smoking, tobacco use * Elevated blood pressure * Hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus) * Obesity * Physical inactivity

CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS

CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS is higher incidence in - than in Caucasians

African Americans

gender that develop cardiovascular disease at an earlier age

men

age at risk for CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS in men

more than 45 years

age at risk for CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS in women

more than 55 years

NCMB312 DECK 1 Flashcards

Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolytes, Infectious, Inflammatory & Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations (Acute & Chronic)