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Third Year | First Sem > NCMB312 DECK 1 > Flashcards

NCMB312 DECK 1 Flashcards

Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid & Electrolytes, Infectious, Inflammatory & Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations (Acute & Chronic)

1
Q

COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN OXYGENATION

A

Heart
Lungs
Red Blood Cells
Blood Vessels

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2
Q

cone-shaped hollow muscular organ

A

Heart

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3
Q

Heart located in the -between the lungs

A

mediastinum

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4
Q

Heart pumps about ml/beat

A

60ml/beat

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5
Q

Heart pumps about L/min

A

5L/min

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6
Q

protective covering of the heart

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

Innermost layer of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Endocardium

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8
Q

Middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue, responsible for the pumping action

A

Myocardium

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9
Q

outermost layer of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Epicardium

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10
Q

3 LAYERS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

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11
Q

4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

A

Right atrium
Right Ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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12
Q

Right atrium/atrial pressure

A

0-5 mmHg

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13
Q

Right ventricle pressure

A

25 mmHg

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14
Q

Valves of the Heart

A

Atrioventricular valves, Semilunar valves

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15
Q

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior VenaCava, Coronary sinus

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

blood enters the right atrium via three veins

A

superior venacava, inferior venacava, coronary sinus

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17
Q

Left Ventricle, Ventricular septum, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle, RV (lesser extent)

A

Left anterior descending

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18
Q

Left Atria, lateral & posterior surfaces of LV, portion of interventricular septum, SA node, AV node

A

Circumflex coronary artery

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19
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

PERICARDITIS

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20
Q

Associated w/ the following:
– Malignant neoplasms
– Post-MI syndrome (Dressler’s syndrome)
– Postpericardiotomy syndrome
– Systemic connective tissue disease
– Renal failure

A

PERICARDITIS

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21
Q

Chronic Pericardial Inflammation causes fibrous thickening of the pericardium

A

PERICARDITIS

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22
Q

Assessment found
– PAIN radiating to the neck, shoulder & back
 aggravated by inspiration, coughing & swallowing
 worst in supine position (relieved by sitting up & leaning forward)
– Pericardial friction rub (scratchy high pitch sound)

A

PERICARDITIS

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23
Q

INTERVENTION for uremic pericarditis

A

Hemodialysis

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24
Q

INTERVENTION for chronic constrictive pericarditis

A

Pericardiectomy

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25
Q

in PERICARDITIS, the complication to monitor is

A

pericardial effusion

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26
Q

A build-up of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac puts pressure on the heart, which may prevent it from pumping effectively.

A

CARDIAC TAMPONADE

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27
Q

Findings:
– Jugular distention
– decrease cardiac output
– Muffled heart sounds
– Circulatory collapse

A

CARDIAC TAMPONADE

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28
Q

In CARDIAC TAMPONADE, the Paradoxical pulse is systolic BP - or more on expiration than on inspiration

A

10mmHg

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29
Q

emergency care for CARDIAC TAMPONADE

A

pericardiocentesis

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30
Q

CAUSE
– Viral, bacteral, fungal & parasitic infection
– Chronic alcohol & cocaine abuse
– Due to ischemia: tachycardia, dysrhythmias

A

MYOCARDITIS

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31
Q

ASSESSMENT
– PAIN, Fever, Tachycardia, Dysrhythmias, Dyspnea, Malaise, Fatigue, Anorexia, Pale or cyanotic skin, signs of RSHF

A

MYOCARDITIS

32
Q

ASSESSMENT
– increase WBC count, elevated CRP, elevated cardiac isoenzymes, abnormal ECG
– Abnormal chest radiography, Echocardiography

A

MYOCARDITIS

33
Q

An infection of the innermost layers of the heart. It may occur in people with congenital and valvular diseases, and those who have had rheumatic fever.

A

ENDOCARDITIS/RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

34
Q

It may occur in people with congenital and valvular diseases, and those who have had rheumatic fever.

A

ENDOCARDITIS/RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

35
Q

ENDOCARDITIS also known as

A

RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

36
Q

 MAJOR/ CLASSIC SYMPTOMS
– Carditis
– Polyarthritis
– Subcutaneous nodules
– Erythema marginatum

A

ENDOCARDITIS/RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

37
Q

– Characterized by formation of Aschoff’s bodies
– Murmur (valve damage)
– pericardial friction rub (pericarditis)
– CHF

A

CARDITIS

38
Q

– Swelling of several joints (knees, ankle, hips, shoulders) that is warm, red and painful

A

POLYARTHRITIS

39
Q

– Involuntary grimacing & inability to use skeletal
muscles in a coordinated manner
– Involvement of CNS

A

CHOREA

40
Q

– Sometimes marble-sized nodules appear around the joints

A

SUBCUTANEOUS NODULES

41
Q

– Red, spotty rashes on the trunk that disappears rapidly leaving irregular circles on the skin

A

ERYTHEMA MARGINATUM

42
Q

STREPTOCOCCAL
PHARYNGITIS
fever in Celsius

A

38.9 - 40°C

43
Q

STREPTOCOCCAL
PHARYNGITIS
fever in fahrenheit

A

101 - 104°F

44
Q

– Chills
– Sore throat (sudden onset)
– diffuse redness of throat with exudates on oropharynx
– Enlarge & tender lymph nodes
– Abdominal pain ( common in children)
– Acute sinusitis & acute otitis media

A

STREPTOCOCCAL
PHARYNGITIS

45
Q

Antibiotic for Endocarditis

A

penicillin

46
Q

control blood clot formation around the valves)

A

Aspirin

47
Q

Steroids

A

suppresses inflammation

48
Q

“Pump failure”, inadequacy of the heart to pump blood throughout the body. Heart is unable to pump blood around the body.

A

HEART FAILURE

49
Q

accumulation of blood & fluid in organs & tissues due to impaired circulation

A

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

50
Q

CAUSES
– Damage to muscular wall (Myocardial infarction (MI)/M.I.)
damage to heart muscle from a heart attack
– Cardiomyopathy (diseases of the heart muscle)
– HIgh Blood Pressure/Hypertension
– Coronary artery disease/CAD
– Valvular defects (valve in the heart has damage)
– Infections

A

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

51
Q

Patients in - feel like they are drowning.

A

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

52
Q

Heart sounds of a patient in CHF will resemble that of a -

A

Galloping Horse

53
Q

DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
using Chest x-rays in patient with CHF

A

cardiomegaly

54
Q

DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
using ECG in patient with CHF

A

ventricular hypertrophy, dysrhythmias

55
Q

Echocardiography – reveals cardiac valvular changes, pericardial effusions, chamber enlargement, ventricular hypertrophy

A

HEART FAILURE

56
Q

Diuretics for CHF

A

Furosemide (Lasix), Chlorothiazide (Diuril)

56
Q

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
for HEART FAILURE

A

Low-sodium diet, fluid restriction

57
Q

loss of apetite, N&V, rapid, slow, irregular heart rate, disturbance in color vision

A

DIGITALIS toxicity

57
Q

Digitalis: Digoxin (Lanoxin), Dopamine (Intropin), Dobutamine (Dobutrex)

A

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

58
Q

 initiate an impulse spontaneously & repetitively

A

Automaticity

58
Q

Vasodilators (Nitroglycerin), ACE inhibitors (pril)

A

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

59
Q

(depolarization): respond to a stimulus

A

Excitability

60
Q

AV (atrioventricular) node

A

40-60 beats/min

61
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

20-40 beats/min

62
Q

SA (sinoatrial) node

A

60-100 times/min

63
Q

(contraction) – emptying

A

Systole

64
Q

(relaxation) – filling

A

Diastole

65
Q

Cardiac Output formula

A

Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

66
Q

Risk Factors
Modifiable
* High blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia)
* Cigarette smoking, tobacco use
* Elevated blood pressure
* Hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus)
* Obesity
* Physical inactivity

A

CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS

67
Q

CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS is higher incidence in - than in Caucasians

A

African Americans

68
Q

gender that develop cardiovascular disease at an earlier age

A

men

69
Q

age at risk for CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS in men

A

more than 45 years

70
Q

age at risk for CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS in women

A

more than 55 years

71
Q
A
72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q
A

Third Year | First Sem (12 decks)

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