NCMB311 MIDTERMS Flashcards
Nursing Research 1 (Biostatistics Integrated)
include documents, articles and reports on studies
EMPIRICAL REFERENCES
based on actual experience or observation
EMPIRICAL REFERENCES
these are references based on research (could be a primary or secondary source)
EMPIRICAL REFERENCES
a.k.a. conceptual literature
NON-EMPIRICAL/ NON-RESEARCH REFERENCES
not based on actual research experience or investigation
NON-EMPIRICAL/ NON-RESEARCH REFERENCES
includes case reports, anectodal recordings, commentaries and opinion articles and clinical description (journals, books, and magazines)
NON-EMPIRICAL/ NON-RESEARCH REFERENCES
Subjective references
NON-EMPIRICAL/ NON-RESEARCH REFERENCES
description of an investigation written by the person who conducted it
PRIMARY DATA
one which the researcher himself has written
PRIMARY DATA
journals, books, research grant indexes, internet sites, research abstracts prepared by the researcher, oral presentation
PRIMARY DATA
description of studies/researches prepared and presented in oral or written form by someone other than the researcher
SECONDARY DATA
literature review, reaction/research papers and review, research critiques, abstract prepared by reviewer
SECONDARY DATA
The plans or _ form the structure and the researcher’s method of answering his questions and conducting studies
RESEARCH DESIGNS
It is the blue print of the study
RESEARCH DESIGNS
categorized according to the procedure the collects and analyze data on the way information is collected.
RESEARCH DESIGNS
a systematic and critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
using the critical method in understanding and the interpretation of facts which are applicable to current issues and problems.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
the study focuses at the present condition and the purpose is to describe and find new truth
which includes case studies and survey research.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
the researcher examines carefully the relationships (similarities or difference) among several variables.
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
seeks to answer question about causation
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
researchers attribute the change in one variable to the effect of one or more variable.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
usually taken from the dictionary
Conceptual definition
expresses the meaning of terms as used in the particular field of the study
Operational definition
Complicated definition must be placed on the
appendix
- To use another’s production without crediting the source
- To commit literary theft
PLAGIARISM
A brief description of the place where participants or respondents are to be obtained.
LOCALE AND POPULATION OF THE STUDY
ability to provide complex textual descriptions of how people experience a given research issue.
qualitative research
It provides information about the “human” side of an issue
that is, the often contradictory behaviors, beliefs, opinions, emotions, and relationships of individuals.
qualitative research
effective in identifying intangible factors of life.
Qualitative methods
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN METHODS are SELECTION OF KEY INFORMANTS, CONSTRUCT RESEARCH TOOL and
CORPUS OF DATA
ONTOLOGIC, EPISTEMOLOGIC, AXIOLOGIC, METHODOLOGIC
PARADIGMS IN NURSING RESEARCH
POSITIVIST
Reality exist: there is a real world driven by real natural causes
ONTOLOGIC
NATURALIST
Reality is multiple and subjective, mentally constructed by individuals
ONTOLOGIC
POSITIVIST
The inquirer is independent
EPISTEMOLOGIC
NATURALIST
the inquirer interacts with those being researched
EPISTEMOLOGIC
POSITIVIST
Values and biases are to be held in check
AXIOLOGIC
NATURALIST
Subjectivity and values are inevitable
AXIOLOGIC
Deductive processes
emphasis on discrete, specific concepts
fixed design
seeks generalization
Is methodologic ___ view in paradigm
Positivist
Inductive processes
emphasis on entirely of some
phenomenon
flexible design
text bound
litative analysis
seeks pattern
Is methodologic __ view in paradigm
Naturalist
● Rooted in 19th century
● Comte, Mill, Newton, and Locke
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
Refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined
procedures used to acquire information
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
- deductive and systematic
- control
- empirical evidence
- tool + statistical treatment
goal: generalizability
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
- holds a small portion of human experience
- You’ll create your own questionnaire
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
- is conducted to find answers to questions
about relationships among measurable variables with purpose of explaining,
controlling, and predicting phenomena
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
it is knowing the outcome stated in numerical
data
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
which use a general set of
orderly, disciplined procedures to acquire Information and moves in an orderly and
systematic fashion
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
- gathers empirical evidence
- numeric
- statistical treatment
- deductive reasoning
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
Research design where researchers are active
agents and not merely passive observers.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
the researcher consciously manipulates the conditions in the study and makes
observations in a tightly controlled environment.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
it seeks to determine if a specific treatment
influences an outcome
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
it includes true experiment, with the random assignments of subjects to treatment
conditions and a quasi experiments that nonrandomized assignments of subjects
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
experiment group
Manipulation
3 properties:
Manipulation. Control, Randomization
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
the investigator manipulates or
“does something” to the
independent variable by introducing and experimental treatment to some subjects while withholding it from
others.
Manipulation
group don’t receive experimentation
Control
the researcher exerts control over the setting and the situation and impose certain restrictions on the situation with the use of two groups
Control
nonbiased selection
Randomization
the investigator assigns subjects to the control or experimental group at
random, giving every subject and equal chance of being selected
Randomization
lacks at least one of the properties of true
experimental research
QUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
involves manipulation of an independent variable, but lacks randomization to treatment
group
QUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- instruments or tools used are informal and unstructured
- no attempt to control
QUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- narrative: intuitive fashion
- inductive reasoning
QUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Does not use manipulation and control of the independent variable and conducted mostly in the natural settings under natural conditions
NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
A. DESCRIPTIVE
B. COMPARATIVE
C. CORRELATIONAL
D. METHODOLOGICAL
E. SURVEY
NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
test the strength of relationship (IQ/HT)
CORRELATIONAL
Instrument (tool/questionnaire)
METHODOLOGICAL
characteristics of the population
SURVEY
Starts with a few preconceived ideas and stresses the importance of people’s
interpretations of events and circumstances.
QUALITATIVE METHOD
Focus: to capture and understand the entirely
of certain phenomena and collect narrative data
QUALITATIVE METHOD
A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
QUALITATIVE METHOD
- Instruments or tools are used are informal and unstructured
- no attempt to control
- narrative = intuitive fashion
- Inductive reasoning
QUALITATIVE METHOD
QUALITATIVE sampling method
purposive, snowballing
Research - Participant Relationship
QUALITATIVE METHOD
focuses on lived experience
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
is a design of inquiry coming from philosophy and psychology in which the researcher describes the lives experiences of individuals
about a phenomenon as described by participants
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
deals with topics such as the meaning of life for people suffering from chronic illness, those in stress, or those who have lost their loved ones
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Main Data Source for Phenomenological research
In-depth conversations
Focuses on culture
ETHNORAPHIC RESEARCH
an inquiry coming from anthropology and
sociology in which the researcher requires a
long periods of stay in the field to describe
and interpret cultural behaviour, with the
researcher seeking to learn from members of
a cultural 1group to understand their view of
the world
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
data collection involves observation and
interviews
ETHNORAPHIC RESEARCH
3 broad aspects on information that are of interest to ethnographer
- cultural behavior
- cultural artifacts
- cultural speech
Focuses on the past
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Attempts to answer question about causes, effects, or trends related to the past events,
issues, or conditions that may explain current
behavioral practices
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
involves systematic collection, critical evaluation, and interpretation of historical
evidence with the end goal of discovering new knowledge
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
it focuses on single entity or one case
CASE STUDIES
are design of inquiry in many fields that develops in-depth investigation, for analysis
and understanding of a single entity or social unit - the individual family, group, institution, organization or community- in which the core
of inquiry is the case itself and the dynamic of why it thinks, behaves, or develops in a particular way
CASE STUDIES
weakness: difficulty in attaining generalization
CASE STUDIES
focuses on story in studies
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
focuses on a narrative or story to determine how individuals make sense of events in their
lives
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
is a design of inquiry from the humanities in which the researcher studies the lives of
individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories bout their lives (Rissman, 2008)
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
Focus/Data: Numerical
Stance/Opinion: Emphasizes OBJECTIVITY in collection
and analysis of information (only one reality)
Method: uses structured procedures and formal
instruments (survey)
QUANTITATIVE
Control: Collects information under conditions of
control or has attempt to control
Tools: Survey questionnaire
Analysis: Statistics
Reasoning: Deductive (general to specific)
QUANTITATIVE
Focus/Data: Narrative
Stance/Opinion: Capitalize on SUBJECTIVE data
(multiple reality)
Method: has no structured
instruments/unstructured/semi structured
QUALITATIVE
Control: has no attempt to control context; attempts to
capture context in its entirely
Tools: interview
Analysis: narrative data
Reasoning: inductive (specific to general)
QUALITATIVE
The researcher must explain how and where the
subjects are taken and bring description of the
respondents.
DESCRIPTION OF RESPONDENTS
When the population is homogenous
Smaller sample
if heterogenous population
larger sample
Each of the units in
the target population has the same chance of being included in the sample
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Greater possibility of representative sample of the
population
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
No way that each of the
units in the target
population has the same
chance of being included in the sample
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
No assurance that every
unit has some chance of
being included
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Conclusion
derived from data
gathered can be
generalized for
the whole
population
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Conclusion derived from
data gathered is limited
only to the sample itself
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
– can be done
through the lottery method or table of random numbers. (Fishing technique)
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
– uses the sampling
interval formula. Sampling interval = total
population/ desired sample size. (Ex: even
or odd numbers)
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
– used to ensure that
different groups of the population are adequately included in the sample. (Ex: 1st
year = 30 students, 2nd year = 30, 3rdyr = 30…)
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
– used in large scale
surveys; sampling larger groupings then smaller groupings
CLUSTER SAMPLING
– the selection of
the sample is accomplished in more than 2 steps
MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING
obtained when the researcher selects whatever sampling units are conveniently available.
ACCIDENTAL OR CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
the sample depends upon the subjective judgement of
the researcher
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
researchers have an
assignment of a quota or a certain number that must be covered by the research
including several criteria.
QUOTA SAMPLING
starts with known sources of information who or which will in turn give other sources of information.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
this is used to find socially devalued urban populations such as addict, alcoholic, child abusers, and criminals because they are usually hidden
from outsiders.
NETWORKING SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
ACCIDENTAL OR CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
NETWORKING SAMPLING
TYPES OF NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
