NCLEX Examination- Chapter 51 Flashcards
A chemical messenger, which travels throughout the bloodstream to its target organ, is known as a(n):
Exocrine gland.
Endocrine gland.
Hormone.
Negative feedback system.
Hormone.
A chemical messenger, which travels throughout the bloodstream to its target organ, is known as a hormone. The endocrine system communicates through hormones. When the hormone reaches its target, a metabolic change occurs.
The “master gland,” which exerts control over the other glands, is the:
Pituitary gland
Pancreas
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is known as the “master gland,” because it exerts control over the other glands through a negative feedback system. It is one of the most powerful glands in the body. It works closely with the hypothalamus of the brain and is located in the cranial cavity in a small saddle-like depression in the sphenoid bone. It consists of the anterior pituitary, which secretes six major hormones (five tropic hormones plus prolactin), and a posterior pituitary, which secretes two hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, or ADH).
The disorder caused by secretion of insufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is called:
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes insipidus
The disorder caused by secretion of insufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary is called diabetes insipidus. This condition may be primary, or it may be secondary to other conditions, such as head injury, intracranial tumor, intracranial aneurysm, or infarct. It is characterized by marked polyuria (of a very dilute urine) and intense polydipsia.
You are caring for a patient who has undergone a thyroidectomy. Which of the following signs or symptoms should be reported immediately to the RN/MD for further evaluation? Select all that apply.
Numbness in the fingers
Heart rate of 160
Blood pressure of 134/74
Noticeable arm twitching when you took patient’s blood pressure
Appropriate nursing care for the patient with hypothyroidism would include which of the following?
Keep the patient’s room at a cool temperature.
Encourage a low fiber diet.
Encourage fluids.
Encourage the patient to take her medications when she feels that her thyroid levels are low.
encourage fluids.
Appropriate nursing care for the patient with hypothyroidism would include the encouragement of fluids. Patients with hypothyroidism are prone to constipation, which can be severe. Fluids will help to minimize or prevent constipation.
Which of the following is a characteristic of hyperparathyroidism?
Decreased parathormone levels
Increased serum calcium
Decreased alkaline phosphatase levels
Increased serum phosphorous levels
Increased serum calcium
Increased serum calcium is the primary clinical manifestation of hyperparathyroidism. This occurs as calcium leaves the bone and accumulates in the bloodstream. As a result, bones become demineralized, causing skeletal pain, pain on weight bearing, and pathologic fractures.
Which of the following is a feature of Cushing syndrome?
Adrenal hypofunction
Decreased secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones
Increased susceptibility to infection
Hyperkalemia
Increased susceptibility to infection
The patient with Cushing syndrome has an increased susceptibility to infection because of excess circulating glucocorticoids. Symptoms of an infection may not be easily detected until the infection is at an advanced stage that might be life threatening. Nursing assessment for signs and symptoms of infection is extremely important.
You are caring for a patient with Addison’s disease. Which of the following signs and laboratory values would you expect?
Hypertension
Postural hypotension
Increased serum sodium
Decreased serum potassium
Postural hypotension
Patients with Addison’s disease, or adrenal hypofunction, tend to have postural hypotension. They may experience vertigo, weakness, and syncope. In addition, they may complain of severe headache, disorientation, abdominal pain, or lower back pain, which could signal an impending adrenal crisis.
Select the following true statement(s) about diabetes mellitus, type 2.
It is thought to be an autoimmune disease.
The main problem in this disease seems to be abnormal resistance to insulin action.
It was formerly called “juvenile diabetes.”
The patients with this type of diabetes usually are required to take insulin injections from the moment of diagnosis.
The main problem in this disease seems to be abnormal resistance to insulin action.
The primary problem in diabetes mellitus, type 2, seems to be abnormal resistance to insulin action. Various factors (decreased tissue responsiveness to insulin, overproduction of insulin early in the disease followed by decreased secretion later in the disease, and abnormal hepatic glucose regulation) result in peripheral insulin resistance.
In caring for a patient with diabetes mellitus who is experiencing an acute hyperglycemic reaction (diabetic ketoacidosis), which of the following interventions would be appropriate?
Blood glucose level checks every 4 hours
Intake and output measurement every shift
IV of 0.9% NaCl at KVO (keep vein open) rate
Insulin IV via infusion pump
Insulin IV via infusion pump
In caring for a patient with diabetes mellitus who is experiencing an acute hyperglycemic reaction (diabetic ketoacidosis), insulin must be administered in a precise, easy to control manner. It will be administered via an IV infusion, which is adjusted frequently based on blood glucose values.
Which of the following hormones is responsible for “fight or flight”?
a) estrogen and testosterone
b) FSH and LH
c) epinephrine and norepinephrine
d) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
A 34-year-old construction worker was recently diagnosed as having acromegaly. Given the pathophysiology of his condition, the patient’s laboratory results will probably show elevated levels of
a) FSH
b) LH
c) TSH
d) GH
GH
The hormones responsible for blood calcium levels are:
a) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
b) estrogen and progesterone
c) melatonin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
d) thyroxine and parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
What hormone is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics?
a) estrogen
b) progesterone
c) testosterone
d) adrenaline
Testosterone
