Navigation: General Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What is a meridian?
What is the prime meridian? Where is it located?
A
Lines of longitude (semi great circle) running north south connecting earth’s true poles.
The prime meridian is a longitude of 0 degrees and it passes through Greenwich England
2
Q
What is the international date line? What happens to the days at this line of longitude?
A
It is the opposite of the prime meridian, it is where day officially changes from one to the next
3
Q
Meridians are measured north and south of the prime meridian. True or false?
A
False, they are measured east and west
4
Q
one hour of time is also equal to __° of Longitude.
• The earth rotates __° in an hour, one time zone.
A
15
15
5
Q
How is a parallel of latitude measured?
A
Parallels of Latitude are measured north or south of the Equator.
6
Q
1 minute latitude equals __ NM
Is longitude the same?
A
1
To an extent, it is 1 NM at the equator, but as the meridians converge to zero at the poles, the distance decreases as you go north or south from the equator
7
Q
One nautical mile is ____ feet
A
6080
8
Q
What is the equator in terms of latitude?
What degree is it?
What is the circumference of the equator?
A
It is the line of latitude that is equidistant from each of the poles.
0 degrees
24,000 miles
9
Q
• The Equator is both a Great Circle and
Rhumb Line.
True or false?
A
True
10
Q
What is a great circle?
A
This is a circle on the surface of a sphere whose plane will cut the sphere into two equal pieces.
11
Q
What is a rhumb line?
A
a curved path that an aircraft takes when it maintains a constant compass direction or bearing relative to true north
12
Q
All parallels of latitude are rhumb lines,
True or false?
A
True
13
Q
What is an advantage of following a rhumb line? What is a disadvantage?
A
Advantage is you can maintain a constant heading
Disadvantage not the shortest route
14
Q
What is magnetic variation?
A
The angle between the magnetic meridians and the true meridians
15
Q
What are isogonic lines?
A
Dashed lines on a map that represent the same amount of magnetic variation
16
Q
What is an agonic line? Where is it located?
A
where the geographic pole and the magnetic pole line up giving zero magnetic variation.
It moves but is currently west of Thunder Bay
17
Q
What is magnetic deviation?
What are ways it can be compensated for?
A
-Due to the magnetic fields associated with the metal and radio equipment in an aircraft the compass may not point directly to the North Magnetic Pole.
-it may be corrected with a correction magnet, compass correction card, swinging the compass which could say ie. for 090 steer 093 etc
18
Q
What is track?
A
• The track is the direction an aircraft intends to travel over the ground.
• The intended track may be represented by a straight line drawn on a chart.
• Track is the angle between this line and a meridian measured clockwise through 360°.
19
Q
What is track made good?
A
The track made good is the actual path travelled by the aircraft over the ground.
• Like the intended track it may be represented by a line drawn on a chart and (provided it is a reasonably straight line) its direction measured from a true or magnetic or compass north.
20
Q
What is heading?
What is a factor that can differentiate heading from track?
A
the direction the aircraft’s nose is pointed in relation to true or magnetic north.
• When creating a Nav Log we will usually start out with the TRUE heading and then correct to MAGNETIC heading by correcting for Variation and then Deviation to get compass heading.
Wind strength and direction can influence our heading
21
Q
What is airspeed?
Indicated airspeed?
True airspeed
A
speed through the air.
• Indicated airspeed is the airspeed that is read of the airspeed indicator.
• True airspeed is calculated based on positional error, altitude, and temperature.
22
Q
What is ground speed?
What will be the relation to the airspeed if there is zero wind?
Head wind?
Tail wind?
A
This is our speed relative to the ground.
• The speed and direction of the wind will alter the ground speed.
Zero wind- air and ground speed the same
Headwind- lower ground speed
Tailwind - higher ground speed
23
Q
What is bearing?
A
an object’s direction as measured clockwise from a meridian.
24
Q
What is drift?
How to compensate?
A
Wind blowing from the left or right will cause the aircraft to drift away from its intended track.
Need to crab into the wind
25
What is air position?
This is the theoretical position of an aircraft at a given moment assuming it to have been unaffected in flight by wind.
• The position the aircraft would have reached without allowing for wind.
Also known as no wind position
26
latitude is the same as longitude turned over 90 degrees.
True or false?
False
27
The purpose of swinging the compass is to correct for
a.deviation.
b.variation.
c.bearing drift.
d.geographic procession.
A
28
The shortest distance between two points is designated by
a.a Great Circle.
b.a Rhumb Line.
c.a meridian.
d.an Isogonic Line.
A
29
A pilot wishes to fly directly north along a Semi Great Circle line. The magnetic heading required to do this, as seen on a heading indicator, would
a.change throughout the flight due to variation.
b.change only due to bearing drift.
c.not change as the Semi Great Circle crosses the longitudes at the same angle.
d.change as the Semi Great Circle does not cross the longitudes at the same angle.
A
30
How often is the CFS published?
Every 56 days
31
The CFS contains a comprehensive listing of
a.all waterdromes.
b.all aerodromes.
c.all registered aerodromes.
d.all of the above.
C
32
What are a few examples of aeronautical charts?
> VNC
> VTA
> CFS
> WAS
> DAH
> LO
> HI
> CAP
33
What is a VNC?
What are the straight lines on this map referred to?
What is the scale?
How often are they updated?
VFR Nagvigation Chart
They are called great circles
1:500,000
Usually updated every 2 years, if there are changes between then, a NOTAM will be issued
34
What is a VTA?
What is a straight line drawn on these charts?
What is the scale?
How often are these updated?
Where can you check if you have the most recent/valid chart?
VFR Terminal Area Chart
A rhumb line
Scale is 1:250,000
Usually every 2 years
You can check nav Canada in the aeronautical information products, then the NOTAMS, as well as the CFS
35
What is a LO chart?
What are the straight lines?
What does this chart show?
How long are they valid for?
Used by IFR pilots a lower altitudes below 18,000 ft
Great circles
It shows radio aids, airports, and other POI’s but no topographical features.
They are valid for 56 days
36
What is a HI chart?
What is the straight line on this chart?
What does it show?
Validity period?
IFR flights AT 18,000 ft ASL and above
Great circle
Shows the same as a LO chart
56 days, same as LO
37
What is the CAP? (Canada air pilot)
Validity period?
The information is pertinent to IFR arrivals and departures, instrument approaches, etc
Valid 56 days
38
What is the WAS?
Validity period?
Water aerodrome supplement
Contains all water aerodromes shown on VFR charts
Re issued annually
39
What is the DAH?
What can you find in it?
Validity period?
Where can you find it?
Designated airspace handbook
It answers the question of who to contact for special use/restricted areas, etc
56 days
Free pdf download online
40
Two airports on a VNC are two inches apart from each other. Roughly what distance are these airports apart?
a.2 SM
b.32 SM
c.16 SM
d.8 SM
C
41
The scale of a LO chart is the same for all LO charts.
True or false?
False
42
Know these symbols !
43
Know these symbols as well!
44
What does it mean if the radio frequency is underlined? What if it is not underlined?
See picture
Underlined means there is NO ats communications
Not underlined means there is.
45
A standard time zone is __ degrees wide.
15
46
In relation to the sun and distance travelled, how far would it travel with the following times?
> 24 hours = ___° longitude
> 1 hour = __° longitude
> 1 minute = __' longitude
• 1 second = __" longitude
360 degrees longitude
15 degrees longitude
15 minutes longitude
15 seconds longitude
47
What is twilight defined as?
How does it occur?
What are the three stages of twilight?
Twilight is the time between day and night when there is light outside but the Sun is below the horizon.
• Twilight occurs when the Earth's upper atmosphere scatters and reflects sunlight and illuminates the lower atmosphere.
• There are three stages of twilight: civil, nautical, and astronomical.
See picture below
48
What is night defined as?
Night means the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight.
49
What is day defined as?
Day means the time between the beginning of morning civil twilight and the end of evening civil twilight.
50
In the morning, civil twilight begins when the centre of the sun's disc is __° below the horizon and is ascending, and ends at sunrise approximately __ min later.
6 degrees
25 minutes
51
What are the degrees of the five standard meridians in Canada?
The standard meridians in Canada are: AST-60W
EST-75W
CST-90W
MST-105W
PST-120W
52
In the morning civil twilight begins when the centre of the sun's disc is
a. 12° below the horizon and ascending, and ends at sunrise approximately 25 minutes later.
b. 6° below the horizon and ascending, and ends at sunrise approximately 25 minutes later.
c. 6° above the horizon and ascending, and ends at sunrise approximately 30 minutes later.
d. 12° above the horizon and ascending, and ends at sunrise approximately 30 minutes later.
B
53
The term Mean Solar Day means
a. changes in the day on a seasonal basis.
b. the time between two successive passes of the sun over a Meridian of Longitude.
c. the amount of daylight per day.
d. all of the above.
B
54
How many degrees of Longitude does 20 minutes of time equate to?
a. 5°
b. 20°
c. 360°
d. 10°
A
55
What is true track/true course?
True Track or True Course (TC) is the number of degrees between the direction of flight and True North as measured clockwise from a Longitude Line.
56
What are the three main methods of departure on a cross country?
• Overhead Departure
• Set Heading Method
• Direct Method.
57
What is a set heading point method of departure?
The Set Heading Point is a point other than the airport used to depart on a cross country.
It gives us time and distance to get organized for our flight. It should be within 15 miles of our departure point
58
What is the overhead method of departure?
• In this case the pilot climbs to cruise altitude while circling over the departure aerodrome.
• They would then cross over the aerodrome and then set the the appropriate heading.
59
What is the direct method of departure?
• In this case the pilot turns to the heading and goes.
• This is the preferred departure method for Commercial licence candidates.
• This is also the method that you should assume for all of the calculations on your WRITTEN exam.
• Unless specified as otherwise...
60
wind forecasts are always given in degrees ____ and ____ in aviation weather products.
True, knots
61
Why do we need to convert the winds to magnetic on a LO and HI chart?
Because the lo and hi charts are using true so we need to convert the winds
62
How to get back on track with the double track error method?
• Using the 10° drift lines:
1. Note off-course position and the time flown.
2. Determine the drift angle - opening angle.
3. Double the drift angle, steer this amount towards the track for the same amount of time it took to reach the off-course position.
4. To maintain track adjust your originally-flown heading by the amount of the drift angle experienced.
• For example if the original course you were steering resulted in 5° right drift, then once back on track, you need to alter your original heading by 5° to the left. The simplest way to figure this, however, is simply to take out half of the correction you applied to get back on track.
NOTE: This method can only be used when the off-course position is noted and corrected before the mid point of track!!!
63
How to get back on track with the opening/closing angle?
• Using the 10° drift lines:
1. Add the angle made between the off-course position as measured from the departure point (known as the Opening Angle) to the angle made between the off-course as measured from the destination point (known as the Closing Angle).
2. Steer towards the track by this amount.
3. This correction will fly us direct to destination.
• This method may be used anywhere along the track!
64
When returning to departure point (reciprocal track) what important thing must you remember with the wind correction angle?
You must apply the wind correction in the opposite angle!
65
What is dead reckoning?
• A calculated position with due allowance for possible wind effect.
• Based on Time, Distance, and Direction only.
• The pilot must know the distance from one point to the next, the magnetic heading to be flown, and have some idea of the effects of the winds expected to be encountered during the flight.
66
• 1 mile a minute is ___ knots.
• 2 miles a minute is ___ knots.
60
120
67
What to do when lost?
remain calm and start going over your options in a rational plan.
• Climb for better visibility and radio range.
• Draw a "circle of uncertainty" from your last known position.
• You should be within the circle.
> Think about the aircraft's speed and realistically think about how far it could have travelled.
• Spend time carefully map reading and identifying prominent landmarks.
• Don't presume anything... until 100%
Basically the 5 c’s: confess, climb, conserve, communicate, comply
68
What is the 1 in 60 rule?
If you are 1° off course, and the aircraft has flown for 60 NM (or SM or KM), it will be 1 NM (or SM or KM) off course.
69
While approaching hazardous weather you make the decision to turn around and follow your original track back to the departure aerodrome.
The track outbound was 120°M with a
WCA of 10° to the north. The heading for the return leg is
a. 320°.
b. 310°.
с. 300°.
d. 315°.
B
70
While en route on a cross country you find the aircraft has drifted 10° east of course. Beyond the halfway point you find that the opening is 10° and the closing angle is 15°. You decide to
a. sum up the opening and closing angles and correct 25° to the west.
b. double the error and correct 30° to the west and fly for the same amount of time flown to regain course.
c. double the error and correct 20° to the west and fly for the same amount of time flown to regain course.
d. double the error and correct 20° to the east and fly for the same amount of time flown to regain course.
A
71
Where can you find deviation for your aircraft?
Compass correction card and the journey log book
72
Easterly variation implies that Magnetic North is..... of True North.
a. west
b. south
c. east
d. Inline
C
73
While en route on a cross country a ground speed check is done between two points that are 15 NM apart. The planned ETE is 10 minutes but it required 12 minutes to fly the leg. What is the revised ground speed and remaining time with 60 NM remaining to the destination?
a. 48 KT, 1 hour 15 minutes
b. 75 KT, 48 minutes
C. 81 KT, 38 minutes
d. 78 KT, 42 minutes
B
12 minutes / 60 = 0.2 hours
15 NM / 0.2 hr = 75 KT ground speed
60 remaining / 75 KT = 0.8 hours
0.8 hr x 60 = 48 minutes remaining
74
The purpose of a set heading point is to
a. aid in getting organized with ground speed checks.
b. establish the aircraft at the beginning of a planned track.
c. provide a position clear from traffic that can be predictably flown over.
d. All of the above
D
75
True track is measured from
a. Meridians of Longitude.
b. Parallels of Latitude.
c. a compass rose.
d. all of the above.
A
76
What are the three methods of correcting for drift when using the 10 degree drift lines?
• Visual Alteration Method
• Double Track Angle Method
• Open and Closing Angle Method
77
What is the visual alteration method?
(Drift correction)
• If you are off track, note how many degrees off track you are.
• Next, pick a landmark on the track, and fly to it.
> Use whatever heading you need to fly to this landmark.
• Finally, correct your heading into the wind by the amount that you had drifted.
• This is a method that can be used at any point during your trip.
78
How to use the double track error method? ( drift correction )
• This method only works if it is used BEFORE reaching the halfway point.
1. Estimate the number of degrees that you are off course.
2. Double the amount of degrees you are off course and then correct the heading by this amount back towards the desired track.
> If your desired Track is to the left, subtract from the heading.
> If your desired Track is to the right, add to the heading.
3. Fly this new heading by the same amount of time that it took to get off track, then you should be back on track.
4. Once you regain track, reduce the heading change by half or by the amount that you had drifted off.
79
How to use the opening/closing angle to get back on track? ( drift correction)
1. Observe the number of degrees that you are off course from the departure point and from the destination;
2. Add these two amounts together;
3. Apply this correction towards the track.
• Track to the left, subtract from the heading
> Track to the right, add to the heading
• This method works anywhere along your track.
• Note, however that we will not re-intercept our track.
• Instead our new heading sends us directly to our destination.
MUST KNOW
• In reality, the open and closing angle is nothing more than the 1 in 60 rule in disguise.
80
While en route to Edmonton you find the aircraft is
15 NM off course after having flown 200 NM. With a
100 NM remaining the correction required to fly directly to the destination is
a. 9°
b. 11°
c. 18°
d. 13.5°
D
1/60 rule
Opening angle is (15 / 200) × 60 = 4.5°
Closing angle is (15 / 100) × 60 = 9°
Correction required is 4.5° + 9° = 13.5°
The correct answer is: 13.5°
81
Given: Distance off course 8 NM
Distance remaining 60 NM
Total distance 100 NM
The closing angle would be
Select one:
а. 6°.
b. 7°.
с. 8°.
d. 12°.
C
1/60 rule
Closing angle is (8 / 60) × 60 = 8°
The correct answer is: 8°.
82
The track made good is 3° off the desired track, after travelling a distance of 30 NM. The distance off course is
Select one:
a. 1 NM.
b. 1.5 NM.
c. 2 NM.
d. 2.5 NM.
B
Using the formula
Opening Angle = Distance off Course / Distance Flown x 60
3° (opening angle) = distance off course ( to find) / 30 (distance flown) x 60
3 / 60 × 30 = 1.5 NM distance off course
83
The aircraft is 5 NM north of course after having flown west 20 NM at a ground speed of 120 KT.
Using the double track error method to intercept the desired track correct
Select one:
a. 30° south for 10 minutes and then turn right 15° to maintain on course.
b. 15° north for 10 minutes and then turn left
15° to maintain on course.
c. 15° south for 10 minutes and then turn right 15° to maintain on course.
d. 30° north for 10 minutes and then turn left 15° to maintain on course.
A
Opening angle = Distance off course / Distance flown
× 60
Opening angle is 5 / 20 × 60 = 15° doubled to get 30°
Time en route is (20 NM / 120 KT) x 60 = 10 minutes
84
The opening angle is 4°, while the VOR is tuned to the destination aerodrome and the CDI has just reached full scale deflection to the right with a TO
flag. Using the opening and closing angle method to fly direct to the destination the correction would be
Select one:
a. 14° to the right.
b. 8° to the right.
c. 14º to the left.
d. 8° to the left.
A
Simply add the opening and closing angles together.
Full scale deflection on a VOR is 10° and with a TO flag makes it the closing angle.
10° + 4° = 14º and the correction must be made to the right because the VOR CDI needle is deflected right meaning you have drifted left of course.
85
What is pilotage?
• This is flying to a destination by "hedge-hopping" or "sightseeing".
• In this case you fly simply from point to point by using towns, roads, and other landmarks.
86
What is ground position/fix?
At any given instant the point on the surface of the earth that is directly underneath the aircraft.
87
What is air position?
• Air position is an imaginary position.
• This is where the location of the aircraft would be after a period of time based only on the heading and true airspeed.
• This would be the same position as if we calculated in a calm or a no wind condition.
• If we decided to plot our air position on the map we would ignore the effects of the wind.
88
What are the three components of a wind triangle?
the three sides of a wind triangle are represented by these vectors:
True Track (Course) and Ground Speed
Wind Direction and Wind Speed
True Heading and True Airspeed
89
LO Charts are used primarily for ___ Flights.
Can VFR use these charts?
IFR
Yes
90
What altitudes is a LO chart used for?
They start from the surface and extend up to but not including 18,000' ASL.
91
What are some things that a LO chart depicts?
• Radio Aids
• Airways and Air Routes
• Airspace
Aerodromes
Intersections
Important Altitudes
92
LO charts use the same scale. True or false?
False
93
On a LO, uncontrolled airspace is shown in ___ and controlled shown in ___.
Class B airspace is shown in _____.
Green, white, white hatches
94
What is the MEA on a LO chart?
Minimum Enroute Altitude
• The MEA is the published altitude above sea level between specified fixes on airways or air routes which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage.
• The MEA will also meet Obstacle Clearance Requirements under ISA conditions.
95
What is the MOCA on a LO chart?
Minimum obstacle clearance altitude
• A MOCA is defined as the altitude above sea level (ASL) between specified fixes on airways or air routes that meets the IFR obstacle clearance requirements for the route segment.
• Where the MOCA is lower than the MEA, the MOCA is published in addition to the MEA on the Enroute Charts.
• Where the MEA and MOCA are the same, only the MEA is published.
96
in the winter, when air temperatures are much lower than ISA, they should operate at altitudes of at least 1,000 ft ____ (below/above) the MEA/MOCA.
Above
97
What is the MRA on a LO chart?
• Minimum reception altitude (MRA) is the lowest altitude on an airway segment where an aircraft can be assured of receiving signals from navigation aids like VOR or NDB.
• Typically, the greater the distance between navigation aids, the higher the MRA.
98
When does the MOCA provide 1,500 ft clearance on a LO chart?
The MOCA provides 1,500' obstacle clearance above the highest obstacle within the following areas:
• Airways and air routes within DMR's 2, 3, and 4
• Safe Altitude 100 NM within DMR's 2, 3, and 4
99
When does the MOCA provide 2,000 ft clearance on a LO chart?
• Airways and air routes within DMR's 1 and 5 with the exception of certain airway and air route segments within DMR's, which are used in the arrival or departure phase of flight.
• Safe Altitude 100 NM within DMR's 1 and 5.
• Certain radar vectoring areas within DMR's.
• AMA within DMR's as shown on the Enroute and Terminal Area Charts.
100
MRA is provided for on the airway
Select one:
a. intersection in order to designate the lowest altitude that an aircraft can be assured of receiving communication from ATC.
b. to designate the lowest altitude an aircraft can be assured of receiving communication from ATC.
c. to designate the lowest altitude an aircraft can be assured of obstacle clearance.
d. intersection to designate the lowest altitude an aircraft can be assured of receiving navigation aids.
D
101
When temperatures are very cold in the winter pilots should operate at altitudes that are
Select one:
a. not below the MEA and MOCA.
b. at least 1 500 feet above the MEA.
c. at least 1 000 feet above the MOCA.
d. at least 1 000 feet above the MEA and
МОСА.
D
