Formulas

Question 1

How to find arm?

Answer 1

Moment divided by weight = arm

Question 2

How to find moment?

Answer 2

Weight x arm = moment

Question 3

How to find weight?

Answer 3

Moment / arm = weight

Question 4

Weight shift formula?

Answer 4

w - weight to be moved
W - gross weight of aircraft
d - distance to move CG
D - distance between stations

Question 5

Standard rate turn?

Answer 5

3 degrees per second
180 / 3 is a one minute turn

Question 6

Calculating pressure altitude?

Answer 6

Remember that 1 in Hg is equal to 1 000 feet of altitude
1. Take 29.92 (the standard atmosphere value) and subtract the current altimeter setting; next,
2. Multiply this value by 1 000; and
3. If the number is positive it will be added to the elevation of the airport. If the number is negative it will subtracted from the elevation.

Question 7

Formula for calculating bank angle in standard rate turn?

What if you have bank angle only?

Answer 7

KTAS / 10 + 7 = Bank Angle

(Bank Angle - 7) x 10 = KTAS

Question 8

Calculating true altitude?
Rule of thumb method and e6b method

Answer 8

Rule of thumb method
> Multiply by 4 feet per 1 000 feet for each 1°C the temperature varies from ISA (International Standard Atmosphere)
• Example:
• Outside Air Temperature is 0°C
• ISA at 5 000 feet is 15° (sea level) - 10° (2°C/1000 feet) = 5°
0 0° - 5° = -5° colder than ISA
• 5 (thousand) x 4 feet = 20 feet
• 20 feet x -5 = -100 feet
• Actual altitude is 5 000 feet - 100 feet = 4 900 feet

E6b
make sure to use the FOR ALTITUDE COMPUTATIONS window.
• Do not use the FOR TRUE AIRSPEED & DENSITY
ALTITUDE window by accident.
• Example:
CPL and IFR MUST KNOW
> Pressure altitude 5 000 feet, temperature 0°C
• Match 5 000 feet PA with 0°C on the left window
> Find 5 000 feet calibrated altitude inner scale, read ~4 900 feet true altitude on outer scale

Question 9

Calculating true altitude with surface elevation given?

Answer 9

1. Determine pressure altitude
2. Set pressure altitude opposite to outside air temperature
3. Subtract station altitude from indicated/calibrated altitude to determine calibrated altitude AGL
4. Find calibrated altitude AGL on the middle scale and read the correction to station altitude on the outer scale
5. Add the correction to station altitude to get true altitude MSL

Solve for true altitude given:
• Pressure altitude 12 000 feet
• Indicated/Calibrated altitude 11 000 feet
• Temperature -30°C
• Station elevation 3 000 feet

• Solution using the E6-B:
> PALT 12 000 feet lined up to temperature -30°C
> (11 000 - 3 000 = 8 000)
> Read outside 7 350 feet AGL (true
height or absolute altitude)
• 3 000 feet ASL + 7 350 feet AGL =
TALT 10 350 feet ASL

Question 10

Calculating temperature using dry and saturated adiabatic lapse rate?

Answer 10

• If 10°C air becomes saturated at 6 000 feet, what would be the temperature at 10 000 and 4 000 feet?

• 10 000 - 6 000 = 4 000 ft difference / 1 000 = 4
4 x 1.5° (SALR) = 6°C cooler at 10 000 than at 6 000

• 6 000 - 4 000 = 2 000 ft difference / 1 000 = 2
2 x 3° (DALR) = 6°C warmer at 4 000 than at 6 000

• The temperatures are
10° - 6° = 4°C at 10 000 feet
10° + 6° = 16°C at 4 000 feet

Question 11

Cloud base calculation

Answer 11

Given:
• Temperature 24°C
• Dew point 15°C
• Elevation 900 feet ASL

• Finding cloud base:
• 24° (temp) - 15° (DP) = 9°
• 9° / 3° (DALR) = 3
• 3 × 1000 (to convert to feet) = Cloud base 3 000 feet AGL
• 3 000 AGL + 900 ASL (elev) = Cloud base 3 900 feet ASL

Question 12

Finding freezing level

Answer 12

Given:
• Temperature 24°C
• Dew point 15°C
• Elevation 900 feet ASL

Finding freezing level:

• 15° (DP) / 1.5 (SALR) = 10
• 10 × 1 000 (to convert to feet) = 10 000 feet above cloud
base
• 10 000 + 3 900 (or 3 000) = Freezing level 13 900 ASL (or
13 000 AGL)
• Make sure to confirm if the question is asking for the above sea level or above ground level answer.

Question 13

To convert degrees to feet at a particular distance the formula is: (radar tilt)

Answer 13

DISTANCE X 100 = FEET PER DEGREE
(example at 10 NM 1° is 1 000 feet)

Question 14

To convert Magnetic to True (written exams)

Answer 14

Subtract west
add east variation

Question 15

To convert true to magnetic variation?

Answer 15

East is least (subtract)
West is best (add)

Question 16

How to find exact twilight for your area using the chart

Answer 16

Add 4 minutes for each degree west of the Meridian, subtract 4 minutes each degree east of the Meridian of the values you come up with on the chart

Question 17

How to find ground speed?

Answer 17

Distance/time x 60 = velocity

14 nm/ 6 minutes = 2.3333

2.3333 x 60 = 140 knots

Question 18

What is the 1 in 60 rule?

Answer 18

If you are 1° off course, and the aircraft has flown for 60 NM (or SM or KM), it will be 1 NM (or SM or KM) off course.

Question 19

How to find opening and closing angle if off course?

Answer 19

• Opening Angle (OA) =
Distance off Course ÷ Distance Flown x 60

• Closing Angle (CA) =
Distance off Course ÷ Distance Remaining x 60

Question 20

How to find ADF:
BTS?
BFS?
RB?

Answer 20

RB + MH = BTS
BTS +/- 180 = BFS
RB = BTS - MH

Question 21

VHF reception distance formula?

Answer 21

1.25 x square root of altitude AGL

IE: square root of 10,000 = 100 x 1.25 = 125 NM

Question 22

Time check/distance to station?

Answer 22

• Note bearing from station (BFS)
• Turn 90 degrees from bearing to station
• Note time taken to cross a given number of degrees bearing change Time in Seconds
• Time to station in minutes = Time in seconds / # Bearing changed
• Distance to station = (True Airspeed X Time to Station) / 60

Question 23

Time and distance to station, for example if it ends up taking us 138 seconds to cross 10 radials at a speed of 100 KTAS.

Answer 23

Time to Station = 138 / 10 = 13.8 minutes
Distance to Station = (100 × 13.8) / 60 = 23 NM

Time to station (min) = seconds traveled / radials/degrees crossed
(10 minutes x 60 =) 600 / 10° = 60 minutes
Distance = Speed x Time
100 KT x 1 hour = 100 NM