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BTC 3/24 - NAV > NAV - VDF, ADF, NDB > Flashcards

NAV - VDF, ADF, NDB Flashcards

1
Q

What is DF and RDF? (3)

A

DF - Direction finding
RDF - Radio Direction Finding

Measurement of the direction from which a received signal was transmitted

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2
Q

What is the definition of Radio bearing? (1)

A

The angle between the apparent direction of a definite source of emission of radio waves and a reference direction, as determined at DF station

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3
Q

What is True & Magnetic radio bearing’s? (2)

A

True - A radio bearing for which the reference direction is True North

Magnetic - A radio bearing for which the reference direction is Magnetic North

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4
Q

What does DRDF stand for? (1)

A

Digital Radio Directional Finding

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5
Q

What are the categories for DF tolerances? (4)

A

Class A = +/- 2 degrees
Class B = +/- 5 degrees
Class C = +/- 10 degrees
Class D = Worse than Class C

(“2, 5, 10, crap”)

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6
Q

What is QTE? (1)

A

TRUE bearing of an aircraft in relation to the direction-finding station or other specified point

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7
Q

What is QDR? (1)

A

MAGNETIC bearing of an aircraft in relation to the direction-finding station or other specified point

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8
Q

What is QDM? (1)

A

MAGNETIC HEADING to steer, with no wind, to make for the direction-finding station or other specified point

(“Homing”)

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9
Q

QTE, QDR, QDM diagram

A
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10
Q

What is Triangulation? (1)

A

Establishing an approximate position by obtaining two or more bearings from separate DF stations, and plotting the point at which the bearings intercept

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11
Q

What is Homing? (1)

A

The procedure of using the DF equipment at your radio station with the radio bearing of an aircraft transmission, whereby the aircraft proceeds continuously towards the station following bearings obtained from your DF equipment

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12
Q

When do DF stations have the authority to refuse giving bearings, headings, positions? (3)

A
  • Conditions are unsatisfactory
  • When bearings do not fall within the calibrated limits of the station
  • When to do so would monopolise the frequency due to the priority given to messages relating to DF. (lower than, say, Emergencies)
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13
Q

What is ADF? (5)

A

ADF - Automatic Direction Finder

  • MF Band: 300Khz - 3Mhz
  • Known as a Radio Compass
  • Works on the directional properties exhibited by a loop aerial, receiving signals from a ground-based transmitter
  • Displays a Relative Bearing in relation to the aircraft’s heading using a pointer on an RBI
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14
Q

What is an NDB? (7)

A

NDB - Non Directional Beacon

  • Omni-directional Transmitter
  • LF & MF bands: 190 & 1750Khz
  • Continuously transmits an audio tone with a morse signal identifier
  • Average radius coverage: 10 - 500nm
  • High power NDBs: used for long range Nav (On or off airways)
  • High power NDBs: used as AD approach aids (Locator beacons & limited range)
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15
Q

What is RMI? (3)

A

RMI - Radio Magnetic Indicator

  • An arrow is superimposed onto the compass rose so that a QDM can be read straight from the pointer
  • Can house more than one arrow to simultaneously display bearing information to more than one beacon
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16
Q

Relative Magnetic Indicator (RMI) example diagram

A
17
Q

QDM to more than 1 beacon example diagram

A
18
Q

Relative Bearing Indicator (RBI) example diagram

A
  • A relative bearing in relation to the aircraft’s heading is continuously displayed on the Relative Bearing Indicator (RBI)
  • To obtain a bearing to the NDB, the aircraft’s heading must be added to the RBI reading
19
Q

What errors do NDB’s suffer from? (7)

A
  1. Static Interference
  2. Station Interference
  3. Mountain Effect
  4. Night Effect
  5. Coastal Refraction
  6. Quadrantal Error
  7. System Malfunction
20
Q

What is NDB Static Interference? (1)

A
  • Heavy precipitation and thunderstorms cause static interference
  • Often the ADF needle will point directly at the centre of an active Thunder Storm (TS) in preference to the NDB
21
Q

What is NDB Station Interference? (2)

A
  • Large bearing errors are caused by interference from transmitters operating on similar frequencies to the one being interrogated
  • Often caused by inaccurate tuning
22
Q

What is NDB Mountain Effect? (2)

A
  • LF and MF are surface waves and therefore reflected by any high ground in their path. This can result in direct and reflected waves being simultaneously received by the aircraft and causing bearing errors
  • Normally overcome by flying higher
23
Q

What is NDB Coastal Refraction? (3)

A
  • Radio waves travel slightly faster over the sea than they do over land
  • A radio wave crossing the coast at any angle other than 90º is going to be refracted
  • An aircraft flying over the sea and interrogating an NDB inland is likely to suffer a bearing error
24
Q

What is NDB Night Effect? (2)

A
  • Changes in the Ionosphere at night cause interference from transmissions, particularly in the higher medium frequencies, that would normally be out of range
  • Severe bearing errors are most likely to occur at sunrise and sunset
25
Q

What is NDB Quadrantal Error? (3)

A
  • The airframe of an aircraft tends to reflect, refract and re-radiate incoming radio waves so the loop aerial receives a strong signal from the NDB together with a weaker one that has been distorted by the fuselage
  • Overall, the signal appears to bend towards the fuselage and this error is maximum when it arrives at the aircrafts quadrantal points
  • Conversely, signals arriving at the aircraft’s cardinal points do not suffer any error
26
Q

What is NDB System Malfunction? (2)

A
  • Component or systems failure are difficult to detect because there is no failure warning device
  • Constant monitoring of the equipment is required
27
Q

What is an NDB’s Ranges? (2)

A
  • MAXIMUM range is experienced from a high powered NDB at night when flying over the sea
  • MINIMUM range is experienced from a low powered NDB’s used as locator beacons at airfields
28
Q

What are the Advantages of NDB? (2)

A
  • Reception is not limited to line of sight: The MF waves follow the curvature of the earth
  • The maximum range is dependent on the power of the NDB
29
Q

What are the Disadvantages of NDB? (2)

A
  • The NDB is subject to atmospheric (electrical storm) interference, coastal and night refraction, which affects bearing accuracy
  • It is not as accurate as the VOR

BTC 3/24 - NAV (17 decks)

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